{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2624890569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41274-017-0255-y","title":"Passenger railway network protection: a model with variable post-disruption demand service","display_name":"Passenger railway network protection: a model with variable post-disruption demand service","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2624890569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41274-017-0255-y","mag":"2624890569"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1057/s41274-017-0255-y","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41274-017-0255-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169988927","display_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","issn_l":"0160-5682","issn":["0160-5682","1476-9360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319703","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319703","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061476389","display_name":"Stefano Starita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3510-9896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Starita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069223848","display_name":"Maria Paola Scaparra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2725-5439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Paola Scaparra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kent Business School, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kent Business School, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061476389"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3607,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91203528,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"4","first_page":"603","last_page":"618"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11502","display_name":"Facility Location and Emergency Management","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6416208744049072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.5987610816955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.5609834790229797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-network","display_name":"Flow network","score":0.5057895183563232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guard","display_name":"Guard (computer science)","score":0.5040354132652283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.4547504782676697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.43846678733825684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/purchasing","display_name":"Purchasing","score":0.4346103370189667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-level","display_name":"Service level","score":0.42374396324157715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.42029333114624023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decomposition","display_name":"Decomposition","score":0.41817963123321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.33395764231681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.22033146023750305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.18824702501296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17414116859436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.15759652853012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.150888592004776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6416208744049072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.5987610816955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.5609834790229797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114809511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412924","display_name":"Flow network","level":2,"score":0.5057895183563232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141141315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2379942","display_name":"Guard (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5040354132652283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4547504782676697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.43846678733825684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778813691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369832","display_name":"Purchasing","level":2,"score":0.4346103370189667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181889124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380204","display_name":"Service level","level":2,"score":0.42374396324157715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.42029333114624023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.41817963123321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.33395764231681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.22033146023750305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.18824702501296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17414116859436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.15759652853012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.150888592004776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1057/s41274-017-0255-y","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41274-017-0255-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169988927","display_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","issn_l":"0160-5682","issn":["0160-5682","1476-9360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319703","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319703","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kar.kent.ac.uk:61788","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41274-017-0255-y>)","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196264","display_name":"Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","host_organization_name":"University of Kent","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:tjorxx:v:69:y:2018:i:4:p:603-618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1057/s41274-017-0255-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1010554929","https://openalex.org/W1036929623","https://openalex.org/W1164095155","https://openalex.org/W1964213270","https://openalex.org/W1968292003","https://openalex.org/W1968441855","https://openalex.org/W1968598109","https://openalex.org/W1968766531","https://openalex.org/W1985618613","https://openalex.org/W1992428442","https://openalex.org/W1993745812","https://openalex.org/W1994335611","https://openalex.org/W1994906718","https://openalex.org/W1996684664","https://openalex.org/W1999787908","https://openalex.org/W2004087121","https://openalex.org/W2010846382","https://openalex.org/W2015661661","https://openalex.org/W2016196180","https://openalex.org/W2022306346","https://openalex.org/W2023040129","https://openalex.org/W2026383541","https://openalex.org/W2034304357","https://openalex.org/W2036894450","https://openalex.org/W2041504512","https://openalex.org/W2045640143","https://openalex.org/W2048600093","https://openalex.org/W2055257603","https://openalex.org/W2056822938","https://openalex.org/W2058892733","https://openalex.org/W2061824110","https://openalex.org/W2076484073","https://openalex.org/W2079388327","https://openalex.org/W2080382513","https://openalex.org/W2093517413","https://openalex.org/W2094463866","https://openalex.org/W2102750402","https://openalex.org/W2110476814","https://openalex.org/W2117972428","https://openalex.org/W2122117952","https://openalex.org/W2123785786","https://openalex.org/W2127685347","https://openalex.org/W2127859636","https://openalex.org/W2129059885","https://openalex.org/W2129895618","https://openalex.org/W2133494553","https://openalex.org/W2134798735","https://openalex.org/W2146853956","https://openalex.org/W2190984121","https://openalex.org/W2255260747","https://openalex.org/W2289856971","https://openalex.org/W2485884456","https://openalex.org/W2499486700","https://openalex.org/W3124009117","https://openalex.org/W4248338598"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2280422768","https://openalex.org/W3143197806","https://openalex.org/W4252555497","https://openalex.org/W3121175838","https://openalex.org/W3016293053","https://openalex.org/W2351217280","https://openalex.org/W2401723157","https://openalex.org/W2784269775","https://openalex.org/W2952904874","https://openalex.org/W324626582"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Protecting":[0],"transportation":[1,29],"infrastructures":[2],"is":[3,128],"critical":[4],"to":[5,11,160,189],"avoid":[6],"loss":[7],"of":[8,21,68,73,76,107,125,133,142,182],"life":[9],"and":[10,43,137],"guard":[12],"against":[13],"economic":[14],"upheaval.":[15],"This":[16],"paper":[17],"addresses":[18],"the":[19,45,66,74,84,105,108,126,140,152,172,180],"problem":[20],"identifying":[22],"optimal":[23],"protection":[24,39,162],"plans":[25],"for":[26,98],"passenger":[27,78,96],"rail":[28,69,99],"networks,":[30],"given":[31],"a":[32,37,89,119,131,143,167,194],"limited":[33],"budget.":[34],"We":[35],"propose":[36],"bi-level":[38,115],"model":[40,46,82],"which":[41],"extends":[42],"refines":[44],"previously":[47],"introduced":[48],"by":[49,93],"Scaparra":[50],"et":[51],"al,":[52],"(Railway":[53],"infrastructure":[54],"security,":[55],"Springer,":[56],"New":[57],"York,":[58],"2015).":[59],"In":[60],"our":[61,81],"extension,":[62],"we":[63,117,165],"still":[64],"measure":[65],"impact":[67],"disruptions":[70,102],"in":[71,88,158,187,193],"terms":[72],"amount":[75],"unserved":[77],"demand.":[79],"However,":[80],"captures":[83],"post-disruption":[85],"user":[86],"behaviour":[87],"more":[90,144],"accurate":[91],"way":[92],"assuming":[94],"that":[95],"demand":[97,185],"services":[100],"after":[101],"varies":[103],"with":[104,139],"extent":[106],"travel":[109,191],"delays.":[110],"To":[111,149],"solve":[112],"this":[113],"complex":[114],"model,":[116],"develop":[118],"simulated":[120],"annealing":[121],"algorithm.":[122,148],"The":[123,175],"efficiency":[124],"heuristic":[127],"tested":[129],"on":[130,171],"set":[132],"randomly":[134],"generated":[135],"instances":[136],"compared":[138],"one":[141],"standard":[145],"exact":[146],"decomposition":[147],"illustrate":[150],"how":[151],"modelling":[153],"approach":[154],"might":[155],"be":[156],"used":[157],"practice":[159],"inform":[161],"planning":[163],"decisions,":[164],"present":[166],"case":[168,176],"study":[169,177],"based":[170],"London":[173],"Underground.":[174],"also":[178],"highlights":[179],"importance":[181],"capturing":[183],"flow":[184],"adjustments":[186],"response":[188],"increased":[190],"time":[192],"mathematical":[195],"model.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}