{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2093607146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2601305","title":"Convenient expressions for computing the exact annual cost of a continuous-review (<i>Q</i>,<i>R</i>) system with backordering","display_name":"Convenient expressions for computing the exact annual cost of a continuous-review (<i>Q</i>,<i>R</i>) system with backordering","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2093607146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2601305","mag":"2093607146"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1057/palgrave.jors.2601305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2601305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169988927","display_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","issn_l":"0160-5682","issn":["0160-5682","1476-9360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319703","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319703","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041521723","display_name":"Alexander Lau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6150-6169"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["HK","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A H-L Lau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon Hong Kong","Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071294275","display_name":"H-S Lau","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["HK","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"H-S Lau","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Hong Kong","Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016526840","display_name":"Lawrence W. Robinson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L W Robinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University Ithaca NY USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University Ithaca NY USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071294275"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287","https://openalex.org/I168719708"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22361185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"6","first_page":"655","last_page":"663"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11443","display_name":"Advanced Statistical Process Monitoring","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11890","display_name":"Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reorder-point","display_name":"Reorder point","score":0.8048787117004395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6008287072181702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5178208947181702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4549528956413269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.4442591369152069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.42650073766708374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.42298823595046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.37557339668273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-order-quantity","display_name":"Economic order quantity","score":0.359031617641449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2917576730251312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12919068336486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.09702372550964355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90357287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933138","display_name":"Reorder point","level":4,"score":0.8048787117004395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6008287072181702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5178208947181702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4549528956413269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.4442591369152069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.42650073766708374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.42298823595046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37557339668273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1199943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451299","display_name":"Economic order quantity","level":3,"score":0.359031617641449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2917576730251312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12919068336486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.09702372550964355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1057/palgrave.jors.2601305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2601305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169988927","display_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","issn_l":"0160-5682","issn":["0160-5682","1476-9360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319703","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319703","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:pal:jorsoc:v:53:y:2002:i:6:d:10.1057_palgrave.jors.2601305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2601305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/177899","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/177899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495951130","https://openalex.org/W1990132810","https://openalex.org/W1990503843","https://openalex.org/W1992394918","https://openalex.org/W2002804835","https://openalex.org/W2022696170","https://openalex.org/W2025578849","https://openalex.org/W2028406055","https://openalex.org/W2038195860","https://openalex.org/W2040875224","https://openalex.org/W2079945890","https://openalex.org/W2082436447","https://openalex.org/W2104016842","https://openalex.org/W2139566225","https://openalex.org/W2146682975","https://openalex.org/W2168015975","https://openalex.org/W2276056289","https://openalex.org/W4230214681"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036082204","https://openalex.org/W3000160762","https://openalex.org/W2913853144","https://openalex.org/W2948867527","https://openalex.org/W3196577171","https://openalex.org/W4388814409","https://openalex.org/W4362032347","https://openalex.org/W3028134145","https://openalex.org/W155420599","https://openalex.org/W2944820729"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"a":[1,28],"continuous-review":[2],"order-quantity":[3],"reorder":[4],"point":[5],"system,":[6],"the":[7,17,22,53,64,73,81],"\u2018average":[8],"on-hand":[9],"inventory":[10],"level\u2019":[11],"(\u2018AOI\u2019)":[12],"is":[13,25],"often":[14],"computed":[15],"by":[16,27,52],"approximate":[18],"Hadley\u2013Whitin":[19,83],"expression,":[20],"while":[21],"exact":[23,42],"AOI":[24,43],"given":[26],"double":[29],"integral":[30],"that":[31,45],"appears":[32],"daunting":[33],"to":[34,49,62],"both":[35],"students":[36],"and":[37],"practitioners.":[38],"This":[39],"paper":[40],"presents":[41],"expressions":[44,69],"are":[46,60],"simple":[47],"enough":[48],"be":[50],"executed":[51],"most":[54],"basic":[55],"business":[56],"softwares.":[57],"Numerical":[58],"examples":[59],"provided":[61],"illustrate":[63],"ease":[65],"of":[66,75],"using":[67,76],"these":[68],"as":[70,72],"well":[71],"necessity":[74],"them":[77],"in":[78],"situations":[79],"where":[80],"standard":[82],"approximation":[84],"becomes":[85],"too":[86],"inaccurate.":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}