{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2048698391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2600676","title":"Ant colonies for the quadratic assignment problem","display_name":"Ant colonies for the quadratic assignment problem","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2048698391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2600676","mag":"2048698391"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1057/palgrave.jors.2600676","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2600676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169988927","display_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","issn_l":"0160-5682","issn":["0160-5682","1476-9360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319703","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319703","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043041404","display_name":"L. M. Gambardella","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2614128279","display_name":"Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research","ror":"https://ror.org/013355g38","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"L M Gambardella","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDSIA, Lugano Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDSIA, Lugano Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2614128279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056112676","display_name":"\u00c9eric D. Taillard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2614128279","display_name":"Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research","ror":"https://ror.org/013355g38","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c9 D Taillard","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDSIA, Lugano Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDSIA, Lugano Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2614128279"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024091899","display_name":"Marco Dorigo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3971-0507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132053463","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9htc13","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132053463"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Dorigo","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRIDIA, Universit\u00c9 Libre de Bruxelles Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRIDIA, Universit\u00c9 Libre de Bruxelles Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132053463"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043041404"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2614128279"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.0857,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":683,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.993486,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"2","first_page":"167","last_page":"176"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tabu-search","display_name":"Tabu search","score":0.8779201507568359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-assignment-problem","display_name":"Quadratic assignment problem","score":0.7441951036453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.7064709663391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.6393256187438965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ant-colony-optimization-algorithms","display_name":"Ant colony optimization algorithms","score":0.5885916948318481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.575494110584259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaheuristic","display_name":"Metaheuristic","score":0.5707073211669922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guided-local-search","display_name":"Guided Local Search","score":0.5278458595275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulated-annealing","display_name":"Simulated annealing","score":0.5070343017578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ant-colony","display_name":"Ant colony","score":0.4950965940952301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.44422876834869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-search","display_name":"Local search (optimization)","score":0.42944106459617615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorial-optimization","display_name":"Combinatorial optimization","score":0.40705394744873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.296716570854187}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123370116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424540","display_name":"Tabu search","level":2,"score":0.8779201507568359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98036226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268356","display_name":"Quadratic assignment problem","level":3,"score":0.7441951036453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.7064709663391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.6393256187438965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40128228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q460851","display_name":"Ant colony optimization algorithms","level":2,"score":0.5885916948318481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.575494110584259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109718341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385229","display_name":"Metaheuristic","level":2,"score":0.5707073211669922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90189156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5615481","display_name":"Guided Local Search","level":3,"score":0.5278458595275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126980161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863783","display_name":"Simulated annealing","level":2,"score":0.5070343017578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60891933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796575","display_name":"Ant colony","level":3,"score":0.4950965940952301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.44422876834869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135320971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868524","display_name":"Local search (optimization)","level":2,"score":0.42944106459617615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52692508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333872","display_name":"Combinatorial optimization","level":2,"score":0.40705394744873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.296716570854187}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1057/palgrave.jors.2600676","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2600676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169988927","display_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","issn_l":"0160-5682","issn":["0160-5682","1476-9360"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319703","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319703","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.32.2245","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.32.2245","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.idsia.ch/pub/luca/papers/tr-idsia-4-97qap.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:pal:jorsoc:v:50:y:1999:i:2:d:10.1057_palgrave.jors.2600676","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2600676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/74587","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/74587/4/9582508e-7fb7-4b3e-b759-96c9ee43619e.txt","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401063","display_name":"D\u00e9p\u00f4t institutionnel de l'Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles (Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I132053463","host_organization_name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132053463"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Operational Research Society, 50 (2","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hesso.tind.io:8211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://arodes.hes-so.ch/record/8211/files/Author%20postprint.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402432","display_name":"ArODES (HES-SO (https://www.hes-so.ch/))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210088449","host_organization_name":"HES-SO Gen\u00e8ve","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arodes.hes-so.ch/record/8211","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1607080820","https://openalex.org/W1968569154","https://openalex.org/W1971700807","https://openalex.org/W1979142433","https://openalex.org/W1989353689","https://openalex.org/W2002664886","https://openalex.org/W2009832821","https://openalex.org/W2020696014","https://openalex.org/W2037567262","https://openalex.org/W2042986967","https://openalex.org/W2086917808","https://openalex.org/W2093475907","https://openalex.org/W2098945517","https://openalex.org/W2107941094","https://openalex.org/W2113355339","https://openalex.org/W2124841523","https://openalex.org/W2154929945","https://openalex.org/W2403173049","https://openalex.org/W3177584628"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2083844986","https://openalex.org/W2128203640","https://openalex.org/W4237239244","https://openalex.org/W2123829500","https://openalex.org/W3003450854","https://openalex.org/W2904153653","https://openalex.org/W2519041592","https://openalex.org/W2097625803","https://openalex.org/W2156087782","https://openalex.org/W2124562211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"HAS\u2013QAP,":[3],"a":[4,11,75],"hybrid":[5,71,86],"ant":[6,34],"colony":[7],"system":[8],"coupled":[9],"with":[10,50],"local":[12],"search,":[13,64,70],"applied":[14],"to":[15,25,41,99,102],"the":[16,53,58,85,104],"quadratic":[17],"assignment":[18],"problem.":[19],"HAS\u2013QAP":[20,45,83,110],"uses":[21],"pheromone":[22,38],"trail":[23,39],"information":[24,40],"perform":[26,89],"modifications":[27],"on":[28,91,115],"QAP":[29],"solutions,":[30,108],"unlike":[31],"more":[32],"traditional":[33],"systems":[35],"that":[36,82],"use":[37],"construct":[42],"complete":[43],"solutions.":[44],"is":[46,112],"analysed":[47],"and":[48,67,74,84,95,118],"compared":[49],"some":[51],"of":[52,62,106],"best":[54,90],"heuristics":[55],"available":[56],"for":[57],"QAP:":[59],"two":[60],"versions":[61],"tabu":[63,69],"namely,":[65],"robust":[66],"reactive":[68],"genetic":[72,87],"algorithm,":[73],"simulated":[76],"annealing":[77],"method.":[78],"Experimental":[79],"results":[80],"show":[81],"algorithm":[88],"real":[92],"world,":[93],"irregular":[94],"structured":[96],"problems":[97],"due":[98],"their":[100],"ability":[101],"find":[103],"structure":[105],"good":[107],"while":[109],"performance":[111],"less":[113],"competitive":[114],"random,":[116],"regular":[117],"unstructured":[119],"problems.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":37}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}