{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3162309091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1729752","title":"Rethinking PICO in the Machine Learning Era: ML-PICO","display_name":"Rethinking PICO in the Machine Learning Era: ML-PICO","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3162309091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1729752","mag":"3162309091","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34010977"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1055/s-0041-1729752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1729752","pdf_url":"http://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-0041-1729752.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187139995","display_name":"Applied Clinical Informatics","issn_l":"1869-0327","issn":["1869-0327"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320000","host_organization_name":"Thieme Medical Publishers (Germany)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320000"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Thieme Medical Publishers (Germany)"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Clinical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"http://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-0041-1729752.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105525702","display_name":"Xinran Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295908608","display_name":"San Francisco General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05j8x4n38","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinran Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States","University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608","https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037372314","display_name":"James Anstey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6422-0086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295908608","display_name":"San Francisco General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05j8x4n38","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Anstey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608","https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066174471","display_name":"Ron Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4310-7137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ron Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Hospital Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Hospital Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080809530","display_name":"Chethan Sarabu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chethan Sarabu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States","doc.ai, Palo Alto, California, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"doc.ai, Palo Alto, California, United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014909936","display_name":"Reiri Sono","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reiri Sono","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036068985","display_name":"Atul J. Butte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7433-2740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atul J. Butte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5105525702"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608","https://openalex.org/I180670191"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7023,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75737052,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"02","first_page":"407","last_page":"416"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.8305000066757202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.8305000066757202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.05420000106096268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.010900000110268593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.6171298623085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5830415487289429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5329025387763977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4673396050930023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.44099676609039307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.419654905796051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","score":0.4121634364128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.411580353975296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39611518383026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3542092442512512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing","display_name":"Nursing","score":0.12306568026542664}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.6171298623085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5830415487289429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5329025387763977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4673396050930023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.44099676609039307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.419654905796051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.4121634364128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.411580353975296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39611518383026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3542092442512512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.12306568026542664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017063","descriptor_name":"Outcome Assessment, Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017063","descriptor_name":"Outcome Assessment, Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017063","descriptor_name":"Outcome Assessment, Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1055/s-0041-1729752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1729752","pdf_url":"http://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-0041-1729752.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187139995","display_name":"Applied Clinical Informatics","issn_l":"1869-0327","issn":["1869-0327"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320000","host_organization_name":"Thieme Medical Publishers (Germany)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320000"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Thieme Medical Publishers (Germany)"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Clinical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34010977","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34010977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied clinical informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5rg1g0f5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5rg1g0f5","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Clinical Informatics, vol 12, iss 02","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8133838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8133838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Appl Clin Inform","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1055/s-0041-1729752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1729752","pdf_url":"http://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-0041-1729752.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187139995","display_name":"Applied Clinical Informatics","issn_l":"1869-0327","issn":["1869-0327"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320000","host_organization_name":"Thieme Medical Publishers (Germany)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320000"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Thieme Medical Publishers (Germany)"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Clinical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3162309091.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3162309091.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540114217","https://openalex.org/W1921733975","https://openalex.org/W1998392635","https://openalex.org/W2020267609","https://openalex.org/W2049002789","https://openalex.org/W2070386578","https://openalex.org/W2071152788","https://openalex.org/W2126130217","https://openalex.org/W2154039449","https://openalex.org/W2200122354","https://openalex.org/W2292493149","https://openalex.org/W2298802111","https://openalex.org/W2331591468","https://openalex.org/W2372800617","https://openalex.org/W2474667434","https://openalex.org/W2523834880","https://openalex.org/W2560136348","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2731020220","https://openalex.org/W2736287575","https://openalex.org/W2748885884","https://openalex.org/W2755626276","https://openalex.org/W2762658547","https://openalex.org/W2770018078","https://openalex.org/W2786635213","https://openalex.org/W2789894922","https://openalex.org/W2805089815","https://openalex.org/W2807179733","https://openalex.org/W2807995211","https://openalex.org/W2888109941","https://openalex.org/W2899755710","https://openalex.org/W2906295032","https://openalex.org/W2908201961","https://openalex.org/W2917837889","https://openalex.org/W2934399013","https://openalex.org/W2951484576","https://openalex.org/W2951787500","https://openalex.org/W2954442338","https://openalex.org/W2964630594","https://openalex.org/W2965782433","https://openalex.org/W2967844572","https://openalex.org/W2988716771","https://openalex.org/W2989512989","https://openalex.org/W2990519034","https://openalex.org/W2991354320","https://openalex.org/W2992144222","https://openalex.org/W2996698847","https://openalex.org/W3003903532","https://openalex.org/W3004278594","https://openalex.org/W3005648791","https://openalex.org/W3010405236","https://openalex.org/W3013076305","https://openalex.org/W3013681994","https://openalex.org/W3029078373","https://openalex.org/W3040833383","https://openalex.org/W3049522313","https://openalex.org/W3081126843","https://openalex.org/W3105640742","https://openalex.org/W6760823411"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085384747","https://openalex.org/W2106071040","https://openalex.org/W2088166309","https://openalex.org/W4312133475","https://openalex.org/W4238976562","https://openalex.org/W2276587472","https://openalex.org/W4248323080","https://openalex.org/W2615795876","https://openalex.org/W2049612369","https://openalex.org/W4214571255"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Machine":[1],"learning":[2],"(ML)":[3],"has":[4],"captured":[5],"the":[6,60,128,218],"attention":[7],"of":[8,146,150,160,222],"many":[9],"clinicians":[10,101,168,214],"who":[11],"may":[12,29],"not":[13],"have":[14,185],"formal":[15],"training":[16],"in":[17],"this":[18,182,209],"area":[19],"but":[20],"are":[21,75],"otherwise":[22],"increasingly":[23,165],"exposed":[24],"to":[25,32,66,77,88,99,112,148,169,174,192,215],"ML":[26,36,67,72,107,116,138,147,194,200,223],"literature":[27,136],"that":[28,38,69,196,208],"be":[30,45,132,170,211],"relevant":[31],"their":[33],"clinical":[34,48,151],"specialties.":[35],"papers":[37,68,108,195],"follow":[39],"an":[40],"outcomes-based":[41],"research":[42,49],"format":[43],"can":[44,131,210],"assessed":[46],"using":[47],"appraisal":[50],"frameworks":[51,62],"such":[52,91],"as":[53],"PICO":[54,61],"(Population,":[55],"Intervention,":[56],"Comparison,":[57],"Outcome).":[58],"However,":[59],"strain":[63],"when":[64],"applied":[65,133],"create":[70,113,197],"new":[71,86,97,115,199],"models,":[73],"which":[74],"akin":[76],"diagnostic":[78,203],"tests.":[79],"There":[80],"is":[81,111,153,164],"a":[82,85,96,114,157,187,198],"need":[83],"for":[84,140,167],"framework":[87,98,130,189],"help":[89,100],"assess":[90,175],"papers.":[92,224],"OBJECTIVE:":[93],"We":[94,125,206],"propose":[95],"systematically":[102],"read":[103,193],"and":[104,176,220],"evaluate":[105,217],"medical":[106],"whose":[109],"aim":[110],"model:":[117],"ML-PICO":[118,129],"(Machine":[119],"Learning,":[120],"Population,":[121],"Identification,":[122],"Crosscheck,":[123],"Outcomes).":[124],"describe":[126],"how":[127,173,191],"toward":[134],"appraising":[135],"describing":[137],"models":[139],"health":[141],"care.":[142],"CONCLUSION:":[143],"The":[144],"relevance":[145],"practitioners":[149],"medicine":[152],"steadily":[154],"increasing":[155],"with":[156,172],"growing":[158],"body":[159],"literature.":[161],"Therefore,":[162],"it":[163],"important":[166],"familiar":[171],"best":[177],"utilize":[178],"these":[179],"tools.":[180],"In":[181],"paper":[183],"we":[184],"described":[186],"practical":[188],"on":[190],"model":[201],"(or":[202],"test):":[204],"ML-PICO.":[205],"hope":[207],"used":[212],"by":[213],"better":[216],"quality":[219],"utility":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}