{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414644483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ro/2025133","title":"Two-stage supply chain pricing strategies with reference price effect","display_name":"Two-stage supply chain pricing strategies with reference price effect","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414644483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ro/2025133"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1051/ro/2025133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ro/2025133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S20631277","display_name":"RAIRO - Operations Research","issn_l":"0399-0559","issn":["0399-0559","1290-3868","2804-7303"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319748","host_organization_name":"EDP Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319748"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["EDP Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"RAIRO - Operations Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ro/2025133","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039139111","display_name":"Fei Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6871-4902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","School of Intelligent Emergency Management, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6871-4902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Emergency Management, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103644060","display_name":"Dengjie Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dengjie Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003784857","display_name":"Xiuli Geng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6245-4508"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuli Geng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","School of Intelligent Emergency Management, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Emergency Management, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39652106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"5","first_page":"3347","last_page":"3373"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.9746999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.9746999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.6092000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.6072999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limit-price","display_name":"Limit price","score":0.597599983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-price","display_name":"Reference price","score":0.5896000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mid-price","display_name":"Mid price","score":0.5324000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit","display_name":"Profit (economics)","score":0.46630001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reservation-price","display_name":"Reservation price","score":0.46369999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.45080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/price-level","display_name":"Price level","score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/price-mechanism","display_name":"Price mechanism","score":0.42100000381469727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.6092000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.6072999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134864226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1545824","display_name":"Limit price","level":3,"score":0.597599983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5925999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775929093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28003232","display_name":"Reference price","level":2,"score":0.5896000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.5583000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162889289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6841075","display_name":"Mid price","level":3,"score":0.5324000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.46630001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70295763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474606","display_name":"Reservation price","level":2,"score":0.46369999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.45080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34881761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936341","display_name":"Price level","level":2,"score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105483948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7242621","display_name":"Price mechanism","level":3,"score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4147999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86337476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651685","display_name":"Supply shock","level":3,"score":0.4032999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153812606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2620132","display_name":"Price elasticity of supply","level":3,"score":0.4032000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64112148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160151","display_name":"Market price","level":2,"score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101472132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835678","display_name":"Price discrimination","level":2,"score":0.3483999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780193402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394670","display_name":"Pricing strategies","level":2,"score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149315309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29432","display_name":"Forward price","level":2,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45622825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546778","display_name":"Factor price","level":2,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16051113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828814","display_name":"Market share","level":2,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38904191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744762","display_name":"Forward contract","level":3,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776060655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52389","display_name":"Tariff","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111280770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414538","display_name":"Producer price index","level":4,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145021104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3630992","display_name":"Wholesale price index","level":4,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121398111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103639","display_name":"Oligopoly","level":3,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019439881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200230","display_name":"Price setting","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1051/ro/2025133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ro/2025133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S20631277","display_name":"RAIRO - Operations Research","issn_l":"0399-0559","issn":["0399-0559","1290-3868","2804-7303"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319748","host_organization_name":"EDP Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319748"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["EDP Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"RAIRO - Operations Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1051/ro/2025133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ro/2025133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S20631277","display_name":"RAIRO - Operations Research","issn_l":"0399-0559","issn":["0399-0559","1290-3868","2804-7303"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319748","host_organization_name":"EDP Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319748"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["EDP Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"RAIRO - Operations Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5318600345","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72271164","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7232341443","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72202137","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031194879","https://openalex.org/W2034266925","https://openalex.org/W2062657676","https://openalex.org/W2085218920","https://openalex.org/W2103517563","https://openalex.org/W2124434381","https://openalex.org/W2191885776","https://openalex.org/W2317069786","https://openalex.org/W2482874306","https://openalex.org/W2542135949","https://openalex.org/W2749398956","https://openalex.org/W2794931851","https://openalex.org/W2896131776","https://openalex.org/W2924223988","https://openalex.org/W2937888984","https://openalex.org/W2945598657","https://openalex.org/W2959724087","https://openalex.org/W2986496217","https://openalex.org/W2995787183","https://openalex.org/W3037124762","https://openalex.org/W3041966798","https://openalex.org/W3042622557","https://openalex.org/W3090288314","https://openalex.org/W3092654557","https://openalex.org/W3103556050","https://openalex.org/W3108706283","https://openalex.org/W3120528131","https://openalex.org/W3124605785","https://openalex.org/W3124693080","https://openalex.org/W3138951338","https://openalex.org/W3158068897","https://openalex.org/W3159771690","https://openalex.org/W3192275107","https://openalex.org/W3200177940","https://openalex.org/W4200272383","https://openalex.org/W4206536323","https://openalex.org/W4210741088","https://openalex.org/W4210793771","https://openalex.org/W4225127972","https://openalex.org/W4288420608","https://openalex.org/W4289868148","https://openalex.org/W4295925019","https://openalex.org/W4307644411","https://openalex.org/W4307816558","https://openalex.org/W4308929516","https://openalex.org/W4311761763","https://openalex.org/W4312405900","https://openalex.org/W4321137795","https://openalex.org/W4323661639","https://openalex.org/W4366450543","https://openalex.org/W4377292686","https://openalex.org/W4384521222","https://openalex.org/W4386852034","https://openalex.org/W4387978134","https://openalex.org/W4388895513","https://openalex.org/W4390665950","https://openalex.org/W4401027726","https://openalex.org/W4401038691","https://openalex.org/W4403969043"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Products":[0],"sold":[1],"to":[2,18,46,52,68,106,138,155],"the":[3,7,28,38,64,84,109,233],"market":[4,22,81,132,219],"typically":[5],"traverse":[6],"introductory":[8],"and":[9,97,103,117,145,214,239],"maturity":[10],"stages.":[11],"During":[12],"maturity,":[13],"retailers":[14],"often":[15],"raise":[16],"prices":[17,178,188],"capitalize":[19],"on":[20],"expanding":[21],"demand.":[23,56],"However,":[24],"consumers":[25],"commonly":[26],"regard":[27],"first-stage":[29,176],"price":[30,40,59,66,86,111,136,141,152,158,169,183,230,235],"as":[31,49,125,190],"a":[32,53,58,90,95,98,151,199],"psychologically":[33],"acceptable":[34],"reference":[35,65,85,110,140,157,168,182,234],"point.":[36],"When":[37],"second-stage":[39,135,186],"exceeds":[41],"this":[42],"threshold,":[43],"they":[44],"tend":[45],"perceive":[47],"it":[48,191],"unfair,":[50],"leading":[51],"decrease":[54,60,189],"in":[55],"Conversely,":[57],"strategy":[61,154],"can":[62],"leverage":[63],"effect":[67,112,159,170],"stimulate":[69,146],"purchases.":[70],"This":[71],"study":[72],"investigates":[73],"optimal":[74,229],"two-stage":[75],"supply":[76,118,196],"chain":[77,119,197],"pricing":[78],"under":[79],"dynamic":[80],"expansion":[82,133,149,220],"with":[83,167,203],"effect.":[87],"We":[88],"develop":[89],"Stackelberg":[91],"game":[92],"model":[93],"involving":[94],"manufacturer":[96],"retailer,":[99],"analyzing":[100],"both":[101],"centralized":[102,129],"decentralized":[104],"decision-making":[105,166],"explore":[107],"how":[108],"affects":[113],"pricing,":[114],"profit":[115],"allocation,":[116],"coordination.":[120],"The":[121],"main":[122],"findings":[123],"are":[124,179],"follows:":[126],"(1)":[127],"Under":[128],"decision-making,":[130],"moderate":[131],"prompts":[134],"decreases":[137],"mitigate":[139],"effect\u2019s":[142,236],"negative":[143],"impacts":[144],"demand;":[147],"substantial":[148],"enables":[150],"increase":[153],"exploit":[156],"for":[160,228],"higher":[161],"unit":[162],"profitability;":[163],"(2)":[164],"Decentralized":[165],"exacerbates":[171],"double":[172],"marginalization.":[173],"Moreover,":[174],"manufacturers\u2019":[175],"wholesale":[177,187],"independent":[180],"of":[181,242],"effect,":[184],"while":[185],"strengthens;":[192],"(3)":[193],"To":[194],"achieve":[195],"coordination,":[198],"two-part":[200],"tariff":[201],"contract":[202],"fixed":[204],"fees":[205],"across":[206,217],"two":[207],"stages":[208],"is":[209],"proposed,":[210],"effectively":[211],"aligning":[212],"incentives":[213],"enhancing":[215],"profits":[216],"varying":[218],"scenarios.":[221],"Numerical":[222],"analyses":[223],"further":[224],"identify":[225],"parameter":[226],"regions":[227],"strategies,":[231],"quantify":[232],"profit-impact":[237],"thresholds,":[238],"sensitivity":[240],"analysis":[241],"key":[243],"parameters.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-07T06:14:10.401900","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}