{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2095247758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ita:2001111","title":"A Generalisation of Entity and Referential Integrity in Relational Databases","display_name":"A Generalisation of Entity and Referential Integrity in Relational Databases","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2095247758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ita:2001111","mag":"2095247758"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1051/ita:2001111","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ita:2001111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6941720","display_name":"RAIRO - Theoretical Informatics and Applications","issn_l":"0988-3754","issn":["0988-3754","1290-385X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319748","host_organization_name":"EDP Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319748"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["EDP Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"RAIRO - Theoretical Informatics and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015725705","display_name":"Mark Levene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8632-4732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098748","display_name":"Department of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0101xrq71","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210098748","https://openalex.org/I4210134808"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB","IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Levene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.; (mlevene@cs.ucl.ac.uk)","Department of Computer Science,University College London, Gower Street,London WC1E 6BT, U.K.;  (mlevene@cs.ucl.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.; (mlevene@cs.ucl.ac.uk)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I4210098748"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science,University College London, Gower Street,London WC1E 6BT, U.K.;  (mlevene@cs.ucl.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024905226","display_name":"George Loizou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9376-9243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98259816","display_name":"Birkbeck, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/02mb95055","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I98259816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Loizou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, U.K.; (george@dcs.bbk.ac.uk)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, U.K.; (george@dcs.bbk.ac.uk)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98259816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21664865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"2","first_page":"113","last_page":"127"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuple","display_name":"Tuple","score":0.7885391116142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-database","display_name":"Relational database","score":0.5903186798095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5629671216011047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.5595486164093018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.5185283422470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4725087583065033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integrity","display_name":"Data integrity","score":0.46744048595428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4596185088157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-dependency","display_name":"Functional dependency","score":0.4519779086112976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intuition","display_name":"Intuition","score":0.4359857141971588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.42337608337402344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/null","display_name":"Null (SQL)","score":0.41654354333877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3519679307937622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.30063050985336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.2016906440258026}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118930307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600590","display_name":"Tuple","level":2,"score":0.7885391116142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5655090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192588","display_name":"Relational database","level":2,"score":0.5903186798095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5629671216011047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.5595486164093018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.5185283422470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4725087583065033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.46744048595428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4596185088157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26320393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q597053","display_name":"Functional dependency","level":3,"score":0.4519779086112976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132010649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189222","display_name":"Intuition","level":2,"score":0.4359857141971588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.42337608337402344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203763787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371029","display_name":"Null (SQL)","level":2,"score":0.41654354333877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3519679307937622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.30063050985336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.2016906440258026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1051/ita:2001111","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ita:2001111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6941720","display_name":"RAIRO - Theoretical Informatics and Applications","issn_l":"0988-3754","issn":["0988-3754","1290-385X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319748","host_organization_name":"EDP Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319748"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["EDP Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"RAIRO - Theoretical Informatics and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.21.4072","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.21.4072","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/~mark/download/key.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.bbk.ac.uk.oai2:44624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/44624/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400466","display_name":"BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98259816","host_organization_name":"Birkbeck, University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98259816"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:numdam.org:ITA_2001__35_2_113_0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.numdam.org/item/ITA_2001__35_2_113_0/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402264","display_name":"French digital mathematics library (Numdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I70900168","host_organization_name":"Universit\u00e9 Savoie Mont Blanc","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70900168"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W105854904","https://openalex.org/W146964180","https://openalex.org/W1493938990","https://openalex.org/W1558832481","https://openalex.org/W1967003875","https://openalex.org/W1991886071","https://openalex.org/W1999546860","https://openalex.org/W2011039300","https://openalex.org/W2063645305","https://openalex.org/W2093054508","https://openalex.org/W2103028615","https://openalex.org/W2115822498","https://openalex.org/W2122789628","https://openalex.org/W2912039080","https://openalex.org/W2912355966","https://openalex.org/W4213061376","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2936448214","https://openalex.org/W3121127629","https://openalex.org/W316061934","https://openalex.org/W2039555859","https://openalex.org/W1590469553","https://openalex.org/W1635602827","https://openalex.org/W1516896513","https://openalex.org/W64058425","https://openalex.org/W1511349808","https://openalex.org/W25937446"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Entity":[0],"and":[1,39,93,307],"referential":[2],"integrity":[3],"are":[4,64,81,98,311],"the":[5,21,32,50,57,72,133,136,140,148,158,162,173,205,224,229,244,263,266,278,288,314],"most":[6],"fundamental":[7,18],"constraints":[8,19,54,74],"that":[9,47,52,217,287,309],"any":[10,274],"relational":[11],"database":[12,215],"should":[13],"satisfy.":[14],"We":[15,45,67,298],"re-examine":[16],"these":[17,53],"in":[20,48,62,119,143,152,161,172,212,223,239,253,262],"context":[22],"of":[23,31,59,71,83,86,100,102,105,126,135,139,147,184,194,207,220,236,250,277,304,318],"incomplete":[24,121,149,163,214,241,255],"relations,":[25],"which":[26,80,97,188],"may":[27],"have":[28,273],"null":[29,60,192,275],"values":[30,61,168,193,233,247,270,276],"types":[33],"\"value":[34,40,196,280],"exists":[35,197],"but":[36,198],"is":[37,117,129,154,199,216,259],"unknown\"":[38,200],"does":[41,281],"not":[42,272,282],"exist\"":[43,283],".":[44,201],"argue":[46],"practice":[49],"restrictions":[51],"impose":[55],"on":[56,132,169],"occurrences":[58],"relations":[63],"too":[65],"strict.":[66],"justify":[68],"a":[69,87,114,208,237,251],"generalisation":[70],"said":[73],"wherein":[75],"we":[76,285],"use":[77],"key":[78,95,115,141,174,186,210,226,231,245,268,305],"families,":[79,306],"collections":[82,99],"attribute":[84,103,137,221,232,246,269],"sets":[85,104,138,222],"relation":[88,107,122,164,242],"schema,":[89],"rather":[90,109],"than":[91,110],"keys,":[92],"foreign":[94,111,209,225,230,267],"families":[96],"pairs":[101],"two":[106],"schemas,":[108],"keys.":[112,319],"Intuitively,":[113],"family":[116,211,227],"satisfied":[118],"an":[120,182,213],"if":[123],"each":[124,218],"one":[125,240,295],"its":[127,166],"tuples":[128,160],"uniquely":[130],"identifiable":[131],"union":[134],"family,":[142],"all":[144,157],"possible":[145],"worlds":[146],"relation,":[150],"and,":[151],"addition,":[153],"distinguishable":[155],"from":[156],"other":[159],"by":[165],"nonnull":[167],"some":[170,301],"element":[171],"family.":[175],"Our":[176],"proposal":[177],"can":[178],"be":[179,290],"viewed":[180],"as":[181],"extension":[183],"Thalheim's":[185],"set,":[187],"only":[189,261],"deals":[190],"with":[191],"type":[195,279],"The":[202],"intuition":[203],"behind":[204],"satisfaction":[206],"pair":[219],"takes":[228],"over":[234,248],"Fi":[235],"tuple":[238,252],"referencing":[243,258,289],"Ki":[249],"another":[254],"relation.":[256],"Such":[257],"defined":[260,291],"case":[264],"when":[265],"do":[271],";":[284],"insist":[286],"for":[292],"at":[293],"least":[294],"such":[296],"pair.":[297],"also":[299],"investigate":[300],"combinatorial":[302,316],"properties":[303,317],"show":[308],"they":[310],"comparable":[312],"to":[313],"standard":[315]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}