{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415152513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/sfw2/1046015","title":"MMF: A Lightweight Approach of Multimodel Fusion for Malware Detection","display_name":"MMF: A Lightweight Approach of Multimodel Fusion for Malware Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415152513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/sfw2/1046015"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1049/sfw2/1046015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/sfw2/1046015","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/sfw2/1046015","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164201770","display_name":"IET Software","issn_l":"1751-8806","issn":["1751-8806","1751-8814"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IET Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/sfw2/1046015","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065763579","display_name":"Bo Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1798-4268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31683504","display_name":"Beijing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xv2pc41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I31683504","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134523","display_name":"State Forestry and Grassland Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03f2n3n81","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134523"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center for Forestry Oriented Intelligent Information Processing ,  National Forestry and Grassland Administration ,  Beijing ,  100083 ,  China","School of Information Science and Technology ,  Beijing Forestry University ,  Beijing ,  100083 ,  China ,  bjfu.edu.cn"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center for Forestry Oriented Intelligent Information Processing ,  National Forestry and Grassland Administration ,  Beijing ,  100083 ,  China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134523"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology ,  Beijing Forestry University ,  Beijing ,  100083 ,  China ,  bjfu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31683504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047920143","display_name":"M. X. Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31683504","display_name":"Beijing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xv2pc41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I31683504","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengbo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology ,  Beijing Forestry University ,  Beijing ,  100083 ,  China ,  bjfu.edu.cn"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology ,  Beijing Forestry University ,  Beijing ,  100083 ,  China ,  bjfu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31683504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106407830","display_name":"Li Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2990-1614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software ,  Beihang University ,  Beijing ,  100083 ,  China ,  buaa.edu.cn"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software ,  Beihang University ,  Beijing ,  100083 ,  China ,  buaa.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033550181","display_name":"Huai Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing Technologies ,  Swinburne University of Technology ,  Hawthorn ,  VIC 3122 ,  Australia ,  swinburne.edu.au"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Technologies ,  Swinburne University of Technology ,  Hawthorn ,  VIC 3122 ,  Australia ,  swinburne.edu.au","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033550181"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2200},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2200},"fwci":1.5956,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.870887,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2025","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bytecode","display_name":"Bytecode","score":0.9088000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8169000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.7297000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-analysis","display_name":"Static analysis","score":0.63919997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android-malware","display_name":"Android malware","score":0.5005999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware-analysis","display_name":"Malware analysis","score":0.4950999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-malware","display_name":"Mobile malware","score":0.4219000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permission","display_name":"Permission","score":0.40869998931884766}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779818221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837330","display_name":"Bytecode","level":3,"score":0.9088000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8169000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8007000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.7297000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.63919997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989133298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android malware","level":3,"score":0.5005999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779395397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15731404","display_name":"Malware analysis","level":3,"score":0.4950999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780967490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1291200","display_name":"Mobile malware","level":3,"score":0.4219000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779089604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169333","display_name":"Permission","level":2,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.40070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109034871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949326","display_name":"Refresh rate","level":2,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778579508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722192","display_name":"System call","level":2,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173414695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5510276","display_name":"Fusion mechanism","level":4,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017891749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android application","level":3,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1049/sfw2/1046015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/sfw2/1046015","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/sfw2/1046015","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164201770","display_name":"IET Software","issn_l":"1751-8806","issn":["1751-8806","1751-8814"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IET Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7cf0ffa826f04c119a05445f30b712fa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7cf0ffa826f04c119a05445f30b712fa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IET Software, Vol 2025 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1049/sfw2/1046015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/sfw2/1046015","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/sfw2/1046015","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164201770","display_name":"IET Software","issn_l":"1751-8806","issn":["1751-8806","1751-8814"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IET Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415152513.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415152513.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W192227941","https://openalex.org/W1666731339","https://openalex.org/W2010065958","https://openalex.org/W2060692877","https://openalex.org/W2079215333","https://openalex.org/W2112119668","https://openalex.org/W2122672392","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2249727747","https://openalex.org/W2407059953","https://openalex.org/W2465110150","https://openalex.org/W2487124337","https://openalex.org/W2514306170","https://openalex.org/W2753669113","https://openalex.org/W2782729947","https://openalex.org/W2792310543","https://openalex.org/W2808245149","https://openalex.org/W2809616033","https://openalex.org/W2889100747","https://openalex.org/W2901033482","https://openalex.org/W2922089394","https://openalex.org/W2950754826","https://openalex.org/W2962117360","https://openalex.org/W2963003683","https://openalex.org/W2963401022","https://openalex.org/W2969904462","https://openalex.org/W3026718724","https://openalex.org/W3029072315","https://openalex.org/W3034897363","https://openalex.org/W3038770761","https://openalex.org/W3082764905","https://openalex.org/W3091856382","https://openalex.org/W3098095456","https://openalex.org/W3104213016","https://openalex.org/W3118910683","https://openalex.org/W3135916744","https://openalex.org/W3136699861","https://openalex.org/W3176360898","https://openalex.org/W3215132138","https://openalex.org/W4200441091","https://openalex.org/W4205876068","https://openalex.org/W4244754752","https://openalex.org/W4283021951","https://openalex.org/W4292553559","https://openalex.org/W4292825796","https://openalex.org/W4353055408","https://openalex.org/W4380090167","https://openalex.org/W4380716409","https://openalex.org/W4383316183","https://openalex.org/W4385755457","https://openalex.org/W4387821098","https://openalex.org/W4392114371"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"the":[1,15,59,74,139,145,186],"Android":[2,16,33,189],"system":[3,17],"is":[4],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"in":[7,14,64,165,178],"mobile":[8],"devices.":[9,34],"The":[10,35,51],"existence":[11],"of":[12,61,76,144,157,188],"malware":[13,25,37,104,190],"has":[18,26],"posed":[19],"serious":[20],"security":[21],"risks.":[22],"Therefore,":[23],"detecting":[24,179],"become":[27],"a":[28,65,97,153,182],"main":[29],"research":[30],"focus":[31],"for":[32,141],"existing":[36,149],"detection":[38,105,136],"methods":[39,57],"include":[40],"those":[41],"based":[42],"on":[43],"static":[44,81,111],"analysis,":[45,47],"dynamic":[46,52,142],"and":[48,54,99,124,159,171,176],"hybrid":[49,55],"analysis.":[50],"analysis":[53,56,170],"require":[58],"simulation":[60],"malware\u2019s":[62],"execution":[63,143],"certain":[66],"environment,":[67],"which":[68],"often":[69],"incurs":[70],"high":[71,135],"costs.":[72],"With":[73],"aid":[75],"contemporary":[77],"deep":[78],"learning":[79],"technology,":[80],"method":[82],"can":[83],"provide":[84],"comparably":[85],"good":[86],"results":[87],"without":[88,138],"running":[89],"software.":[90,146],"To":[91],"address":[92],"these":[93],"challenges,":[94],"we":[95],"propose":[96],"novel":[98],"efficient":[100],"multimodel":[101],"fusion":[102,129],"(MMF)":[103],"method.":[106],"MMF":[107,132,151],"innovatively":[108],"integrates":[109],"various":[110,166],"features,":[112,123],"including":[113],"application":[114],"programming":[115],"interface":[116],"(API)":[117],"call":[118],"characteristics,":[119],"request":[120],"permission":[121],"(RP)":[122],"bytecode":[125],"image":[126],"features.":[127],"This":[128],"approach":[130],"allows":[131],"to":[133,148,185],"achieve":[134],"performance":[137],"need":[140],"Compared":[147],"methods,":[150],"exhibits":[152],"higher":[154],"accuracy":[155],"rate":[156],"99.4%":[158],"demonstrates":[160],"superiority":[161],"over":[162],"baseline":[163],"techniques":[164],"metrics.":[167],"Our":[168],"comprehensive":[169],"experiments":[172],"confirm":[173],"MMF\u2019s":[174],"effectiveness":[175],"efficiency":[177],"malware,":[180],"making":[181],"significant":[183],"contribution":[184],"field":[187],"detection.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T06:11:40.159057","created_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00"}