{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003499304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-sen:19982194","title":"An information system won the war","display_name":"An information system won the war","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003499304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-sen:19982194","mag":"2003499304"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1049/ip-sen:19982194","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-sen:19982194","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197075","display_name":"IEE Proceedings - Software","issn_l":"1462-5970","issn":["1462-5970","1463-9831"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEE Proceedings - Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054597957","display_name":"Sue Holwell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Holwell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cranfield University, RMCS, Swindon, United Kingdom","Cranfield University , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cranfield University, RMCS, Swindon, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cranfield University , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017839059","display_name":"Peter Checkland","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Checkland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Management School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom","Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Management School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15918264,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"145","issue":"4","first_page":"95","last_page":"95"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11810","display_name":"Complex Systems and Decision Making","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11810","display_name":"Complex Systems and Decision Making","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11024","display_name":"Information Systems Theories and Implementation","score":0.9764000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11572","display_name":"Information Technology Governance and Strategy","score":0.9584000110626221,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battle","display_name":"Battle","score":0.8246489763259888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.6419258117675781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-system","display_name":"Information system","score":0.5960882902145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5755658745765686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.5538269877433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.51630038022995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-warfare","display_name":"Information warfare","score":0.48191121220588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.4536045491695404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.32652410864830017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.31697601079940796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2755870223045349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.24720251560211182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2056879699230194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.11644509434700012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.08901870250701904}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778627824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178561","display_name":"Battle","level":2,"score":0.8246489763259888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6419258117675781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.5960882902145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5755658745765686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.5538269877433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.51630038022995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781349506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911036","display_name":"Information warfare","level":2,"score":0.48191121220588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4536045491695404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.32652410864830017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31697601079940796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2755870223045349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.24720251560211182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2056879699230194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.11644509434700012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08901870250701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1049/ip-sen:19982194","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-sen:19982194","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197075","display_name":"IEE Proceedings - Software","issn_l":"1462-5970","issn":["1462-5970","1463-9831"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEE Proceedings - Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:45870","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/45870/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Contribution in Book/Report/Proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1604954065","https://openalex.org/W2145386086","https://openalex.org/W6991098016","https://openalex.org/W7067671922"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003237632","https://openalex.org/W2350977361","https://openalex.org/W2348097125","https://openalex.org/W2000391299","https://openalex.org/W2994023542","https://openalex.org/W2999081595","https://openalex.org/W1558737772","https://openalex.org/W1968712166","https://openalex.org/W3131868133","https://openalex.org/W2368792657"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,82],"describes":[2],"the":[3,8,11,15,26,51],"\u2018information":[4,43],"system\u2019":[5],"that":[6,76],"supported":[7],"activities":[9],"of":[10,17,29,53],"fighter":[12],"pilots":[13],"during":[14],"Battle":[16],"Britain":[18],"in":[19],"order":[20],"to":[21,70],"illustrate":[22],"fundamental":[23],"ideas":[24],"about":[25],"organised":[27],"provision":[28],"information":[30,55,68],"support.":[31],"Although":[32],"developed":[33],"60":[34],"years":[35],"ago":[36],"and":[37,64],"not":[38,79],"generally":[39],"recognised":[40],"as":[41],"an":[42],"system\u2019,":[44],"it":[45],"offers":[46],"a":[47,58],"paradigm":[48],"case":[49],"for":[50,87],"development":[52],"computer-based":[54],"systems:":[56],"namely,":[57],"collaborative":[59],"learning":[60],"process":[61],"between":[62],"designers":[63],"users":[65],"focused":[66],"on":[67],"support":[69],"purposeful":[71],"action.":[72],"It":[73],"clearly":[74],"illustrates":[75],"IS":[77,88],"is":[78],"IT.":[80],"The":[81],"concludes":[83],"with":[84],"four":[85],"principles":[86],"development.":[89]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-25T07:29:55.448023","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}