{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005102949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-bmt.2013.0089","title":"Shape primitive histogram: low\u2010level face representation for face recognition","display_name":"Shape primitive histogram: low\u2010level face representation for face recognition","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005102949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-bmt.2013.0089","mag":"2005102949"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1049/iet-bmt.2013.0089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-bmt.2013.0089","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2482923289","display_name":"IET Biometrics","issn_l":"2047-4938","issn":["2047-4938","2047-4946"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IET Biometrics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052560070","display_name":"Sheng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5610-0826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science Chongqing University 400044 Chongqing People's Republic of China","College of Computer ScienceChongqing University400044ChongqingPeople's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science Chongqing University 400044 Chongqing People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer ScienceChongqing University400044ChongqingPeople's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102013485","display_name":"Dan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5640-7772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science Chongqing University 400044 Chongqing People's Republic of China","School of Software Engineering Chongqing University 400044 Chongqing People's Republic of China","College of Computer ScienceChongqing University400044ChongqingPeople's Republic of China","School of Software EngineeringChongqing University400044ChongqingPeople's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science Chongqing University 400044 Chongqing People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering Chongqing University 400044 Chongqing People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer ScienceChongqing University400044ChongqingPeople's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software EngineeringChongqing University400044ChongqingPeople's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100729435","display_name":"Haopeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1981-8307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haopeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Astronautics Beihang University 100191 Beijing People's Republic of China","School of AstronauticsBeihang University100191BeijingPeople's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Astronautics Beihang University 100191 Beijing People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of AstronauticsBeihang University100191BeijingPeople's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117217082","display_name":"Luwen Huangfu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3926-7901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luwen Huangfu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences 100190 Beijing People's Republic of China","State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex SystemsInstitute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences100190BeijingPeople's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences 100190 Beijing People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex SystemsInstitute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences100190BeijingPeople's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100330109","display_name":"Xiaohong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1767-9342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327237609","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094876","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00q919b81","country_code":"SA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094876"]}],"countries":["CN","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society 400044 Chongqing People's Republic of China","School of Software Engineering Chongqing University 400044 Chongqing People's Republic of China","Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society400044ChongqingPeople's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society 400044 Chongqing People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094876"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering Chongqing University 400044 Chongqing People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society400044ChongqingPeople's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2200},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0790787,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"325","last_page":"334"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.800629734992981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.7108929753303528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6710380911827087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6389879584312439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.601441502571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6001858115196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44528406858444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-dimensional-face-recognition","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","score":0.43412625789642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.32223308086395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2042141556739807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.0641079843044281}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.800629734992981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.7108929753303528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6710380911827087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6389879584312439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.601441502571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6001858115196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44528406858444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88799230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398329","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","level":5,"score":0.43412625789642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.32223308086395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2042141556739807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0641079843044281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1049/iet-bmt.2013.0089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-bmt.2013.0089","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2482923289","display_name":"IET Biometrics","issn_l":"2047-4938","issn":["2047-4938","2047-4946"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IET Biometrics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6450784574","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"60975015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509928947","https://openalex.org/W1608462934","https://openalex.org/W1963589611","https://openalex.org/W1979889974","https://openalex.org/W1982048725","https://openalex.org/W2025688831","https://openalex.org/W2028880308","https://openalex.org/W2030879343","https://openalex.org/W2050596299","https://openalex.org/W2051396567","https://openalex.org/W2052800689","https://openalex.org/W2088575594","https://openalex.org/W2092516120","https://openalex.org/W2096171208","https://openalex.org/W2097486709","https://openalex.org/W2098236528","https://openalex.org/W2103056131","https://openalex.org/W2103560185","https://openalex.org/W2107634464","https://openalex.org/W2116888754","https://openalex.org/W2117553576","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2123921160","https://openalex.org/W2124750300","https://openalex.org/W2130982917","https://openalex.org/W2132467081","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2140120363","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2154872931","https://openalex.org/W2158984520","https://openalex.org/W2159270577","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2163808566","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2165731615","https://openalex.org/W2168356304"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2166031825","https://openalex.org/W2918845005","https://openalex.org/W2040482211","https://openalex.org/W4387163326","https://openalex.org/W3108145925","https://openalex.org/W325114128","https://openalex.org/W4285815683","https://openalex.org/W2336272890","https://openalex.org/W4312238398","https://openalex.org/W4308999963"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"face":[1,14,19,33,47,59,67,73,101,175,195,201],"contains":[2],"abundant":[3],"shape":[4,12,40,82,88,94,111],"features.":[5],"This":[6],"fact":[7],"motivates":[8],"a":[9,55,78,107,114,154,161],"lot":[10],"of":[11,80,110,144,147],"feature\u2010based":[13],"detection":[15],"and":[16,84,160,181,188],"three\u2010dimensional":[17],"(3D)":[18],"recognition":[20],"approaches.":[21],"However,":[22],"as":[23,25],"far":[24],"we":[26],"know,":[27],"there":[28],"is":[29,36,103],"no":[30],"prior":[31],"low\u2010level":[32,57,200],"representation":[34,60,102],"which":[35],"purely":[37],"based":[38],"on":[39,150],"feature":[41],"proposed":[42],"for":[43,66,170],"conventional":[44],"2D":[45],"(image\u2010based)":[46],"recognition.":[48,68],"In":[49,69],"this":[50,70],"study,":[51],"the":[52,72,100,132,142,198],"authors":[53],"present":[54],"novel":[56],"shape\u2010based":[58,194],"named":[61],"\u2018shape":[62,97],"primitives":[63,112],"histogram\u2019":[64],"(SPH)":[65],"approach,":[71],"images":[74],"are":[75,168,183],"separated":[76],"into":[77,122],"number":[79],"tiny":[81],"fragments":[83,89],"they":[85,124,139],"reduce":[86],"these":[87],"to":[90,185],"several":[91],"uniform":[92],"atomic":[93],"patterns":[95],"called":[96],"primitives\u2019.":[98],"Then":[99],"obtained":[104],"by":[105,130],"implementing":[106],"histogram":[108],"statistic":[109],"in":[113],"local":[115],"image":[116],"region.":[117],"To":[118],"take":[119],"scale":[120],"information":[121],"consideration,":[123],"also":[125],"produce":[126],"multi\u2010scale":[127],"SPHs":[128,133],"(MSPHs)":[129],"concatenating":[131],"extracted":[134],"from":[135],"different":[136],"scales.":[137],"Moreover,":[138],"experimentally":[140],"study":[141],"influences":[143],"each":[145],"stage":[146],"SPH":[148,187],"computation":[149],"performance,":[151],"concluding":[152],"that":[153],"small":[155],"cell":[156],"with":[157,165],"1/2":[158,166],"overlap":[159,167],"fine":[162],"size":[163],"block":[164],"important":[169],"good":[171],"results.":[172],"Four":[173],"popular":[174],"databases,":[176],"namely":[177],"ORL,":[178],"AR,":[179],"YaleB":[180],"LFW\u2010a,":[182],"employed":[184],"evaluate":[186],"MSPH.":[189],"Surprisingly,":[190],"such":[191],"seemingly":[192],"naive":[193],"representations":[196],"outperform":[197],"state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art":[199],"representations.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
