{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138834997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.70152","title":"Federated Split Learning for Large Language Models With RSMA","display_name":"Federated Split Learning for Large Language Models With RSMA","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138834997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.70152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1049/cmu2.70152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.70152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85427048","display_name":"IET Communications","issn_l":"1751-8628","issn":["1751-8628","1751-8636"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IET Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.70152","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129779262","display_name":"Jianxin Dai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianxin Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129981509","display_name":"Rui Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3280-5663","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005311317","display_name":"Feibo Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0235-0253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feibo Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Language Information Processing Hunan Normal University Changsha China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Language Information Processing Hunan Normal University Changsha China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129871339","display_name":"Zhaohui Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284762954","display_name":"Zhejiang A & F University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vj4rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaohui Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering Zhejiang University Zhejiang China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering Zhejiang University Zhejiang China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qianqian Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284762954","display_name":"Zhejiang A & F University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vj4rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianqian Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering Zhejiang University Zhejiang China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering Zhejiang University Zhejiang China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100626820","display_name":"Zhao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2516-0660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284762954","display_name":"Zhejiang A & F University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vj4rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoyang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering Zhejiang University Zhejiang China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering Zhejiang University Zhejiang China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102833741","display_name":"Linqing Gui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9926-633X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linqing Gui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5129779262"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2200},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2200},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58942086,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.32850000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.32850000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.13300000131130219,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.09589999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6322000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiple-access","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access","score":0.544700026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5267000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.47360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.3506999909877777}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8883000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6322000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775907427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2697649","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access","level":4,"score":0.544700026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5267000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.47360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.3506999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.3495999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68781425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2052203","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776208322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844071","display_name":"Frequency-division multiple access","level":4,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.262800008058548}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1049/cmu2.70152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.70152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85427048","display_name":"IET Communications","issn_l":"1751-8628","issn":["1751-8628","1751-8636"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IET Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1049/cmu2.70152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.70152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85427048","display_name":"IET Communications","issn_l":"1751-8628","issn":["1751-8628","1751-8636"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IET Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2964005248","https://openalex.org/W2967981090","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W3018102029","https://openalex.org/W4386523965","https://openalex.org/W4400188118","https://openalex.org/W4403125117","https://openalex.org/W4409473768","https://openalex.org/W4410227433","https://openalex.org/W4413181431"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"This":[1,197],"study":[2],"proposes":[3],"a":[4,44,101,120,127,135,200],"federated":[5],"split":[6],"learning":[7,63],"framework":[8,54,74],"for":[9,203],"large":[10],"language":[11],"models":[12],"(FedsLLM)":[13],"integrated":[14],"with":[15,126],"rate\u2010splitting":[16],"multiple":[17,79,84,88,98],"access":[18,80,89],"(RSMA),":[19],"aimed":[20],"at":[21,100],"enhancing":[22],"the":[23,53,72,148,157],"efficiency":[24,186],"and":[25,43,65,94,124,166,183,194,205],"privacy":[26],"of":[27,62,104,130,147,208],"LLM":[28,171],"training":[29,57,179],"in":[30,169,210],"wireless":[31],"communication":[32,66,167,185],"systems.":[33],"By":[34],"leveraging":[35],"low\u2010rank":[36],"adaptation":[37],"(LoRA)":[38],"to":[39,48,174],"distribute":[40],"computational":[41,165],"loads":[42],"fluid":[45],"antenna":[46],"system":[47],"dynamically":[49],"optimize":[50],"channel":[51],"capacity,":[52],"effectively":[55,162],"reduces":[56,108,177],"latency":[58,180],"through":[59],"joint":[60],"optimization":[61,141],"accuracy":[64,193],"resources.":[67],"Experimental":[68],"results":[69],"demonstrate":[70],"that":[71],"proposed":[73],"significantly":[75],"outperforms":[76],"traditional":[77],"time\u2010division":[78],"including":[81],"time":[82,111],"division":[83,87],"access,":[85],"frequency":[86],"(FDMA),":[90],"enhanced":[91],"bandwidth":[92],"FDMA,":[93],"fairness\u2010enhanced":[95],"FDMA":[96],"across":[97],"metrics:":[99],"transmit":[102],"power":[103],"20":[105,115],"dBm,":[106],"RSMA":[107],"task":[109],"completion":[110],"by":[112,181,187],"8.3%;":[113],"under":[114],"MHz":[116],"bandwidth,":[117],"it":[118,133,176],"achieves":[119],"25%":[121],"performance":[122],"improvement;":[123],"even":[125],"data":[128],"volume":[129],"900":[131],"Kbits,":[132],"maintains":[134],"12%":[136],"advantage.":[137],"The":[138],"adopted":[139],"alternating":[140],"algorithm":[142],"converges":[143],"rapidly,":[144],"reaching":[145],"95%":[146],"optimal":[149],"value":[150],"within":[151],"only":[152],"5":[153],"iterations,":[154],"substantially":[155],"outperforming":[156],"fixed\u2010point":[158],"method.":[159],"Overall,":[160],"FedsLLM\u2010RSMA":[161],"addresses":[163],"privacy,":[164],"bottlenecks":[168],"distributed":[170],"training.":[172],"Compared":[173],"TDMA,":[175],"total":[178],"28%":[182],"improves":[184],"35%,":[188],"while":[189],"achieving":[190],"higher":[191],"model":[192],"faster":[195],"convergence.":[196],"work":[198],"provides":[199],"viable":[201],"pathway":[202],"efficient":[204],"scalable":[206],"deployment":[207],"LLMs":[209],"6G":[211],"networks.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-21T06:30:42.041108","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}