{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125808340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.70138","title":"Communication\u2010Security Co\u2010Design for Federated Learning in Grant\u2010Free NOMA IoT Networks","display_name":"Communication\u2010Security Co\u2010Design for Federated Learning in Grant\u2010Free NOMA IoT Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125808340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.70138"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1049/cmu2.70138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.70138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85427048","display_name":"IET Communications","issn_l":"1751-8628","issn":["1751-8628","1751-8636"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IET Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.70138","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123935782","display_name":"Emmanuel Atebawone","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28046988","display_name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb23x68","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7589121","display_name":"University of Professional Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/01w05wy86","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7589121"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Atebawone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology University of Professional Studies Accra, Greater Accra Ghana","Department of Telecommunication Engineering Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ashanti Region Ghana"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8465-5724","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology University of Professional Studies Accra, Greater Accra Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7589121"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ashanti Region Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124002321","display_name":"Kwame Opuni\u2010Boachie Obour Agyekum","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28046988","display_name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb23x68","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwame Opuni\u2010Boachie Obour Agyekum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunication Engineering Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ashanti Region Ghana"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7935-9950","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ashanti Region Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102701023","display_name":"James Dzisi Gadze","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28046988","display_name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb23x68","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Dzisi Gadze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunication Engineering Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ashanti Region Ghana"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0550-9431","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ashanti Region Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123887569","display_name":"Kwasi Adu\u2010Boahen Opare","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28046988","display_name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb23x68","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwasi Adu\u2010Boahen Opare","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunication Engineering Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ashanti Region Ghana"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5628-5680","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ashanti Region Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020569433","display_name":"Owusu Agyeman Antwi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7401-9164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I898088062","display_name":"Ghana Communication Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hvkkr89","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I898088062"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Owusu Agyeman Antwi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunication Engineering Ghana Communication Technology University Greater Accra Ghana"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1238-0173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering Ghana Communication Technology University Greater Accra Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I898088062"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124022760","display_name":"Robert Akromond","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I898088062","display_name":"Ghana Communication Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hvkkr89","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I898088062"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Akromond","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunication Engineering Ghana Communication Technology University Greater Accra Ghana"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1428-5697","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering Ghana Communication Technology University Greater Accra Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I898088062"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5123935782"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28046988","https://openalex.org/I7589121"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2200},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2200},"fwci":10.1477,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9562122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.8266000151634216,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.8266000151634216,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.026900000870227814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.0203000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6775000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5360999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.4896000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.4726000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.4291999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.36149999499320984}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8873999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6775000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.551800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5360999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4952999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.4896000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.4726000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.4291999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.36149999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444868","display_name":"Secure communication","level":3,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158156997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416645","display_name":"Models of communication","level":2,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775918612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q994794","display_name":"Noma","level":3,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101722063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218825","display_name":"Random access","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776384856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17145767","display_name":"Trust management (information system)","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1049/cmu2.70138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.70138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85427048","display_name":"IET Communications","issn_l":"1751-8628","issn":["1751-8628","1751-8636"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IET Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1049/cmu2.70138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.70138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85427048","display_name":"IET Communications","issn_l":"1751-8628","issn":["1751-8628","1751-8636"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IET Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2890736047","https://openalex.org/W2962951858","https://openalex.org/W3027993135","https://openalex.org/W3091246973","https://openalex.org/W3104876383","https://openalex.org/W3129996593","https://openalex.org/W3138597937","https://openalex.org/W3160246415","https://openalex.org/W3167042811","https://openalex.org/W3199769455","https://openalex.org/W3207200125","https://openalex.org/W3208421260","https://openalex.org/W3210975694","https://openalex.org/W4288768987","https://openalex.org/W4293211913","https://openalex.org/W4384788009","https://openalex.org/W4385286733","https://openalex.org/W4385804763","https://openalex.org/W4386869660","https://openalex.org/W4387247654","https://openalex.org/W4387332484","https://openalex.org/W4389879621","https://openalex.org/W4390421883","https://openalex.org/W4391091920","https://openalex.org/W4392207742","https://openalex.org/W4399310939","https://openalex.org/W4400525223","https://openalex.org/W4401989812","https://openalex.org/W4402354198","https://openalex.org/W4403487708","https://openalex.org/W4408324417","https://openalex.org/W4408590848","https://openalex.org/W4409077371","https://openalex.org/W4409154272","https://openalex.org/W4409233071","https://openalex.org/W4410768928","https://openalex.org/W4414406111","https://openalex.org/W4416514103"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"The":[1,59],"rapid":[2],"growth":[3],"of":[4,7,62,75],"6G":[5,236],"Internet":[6],"Things":[8],"(IoT)":[9],"networks":[10],"demands":[11],"scalable":[12,229],"and":[13,49,68,83,93,125,127,133,140,154,167,198,220,230],"secure":[14,194],"learning":[15,28,108],"systems":[16],"that":[17,110,164,174,185],"can":[18],"support":[19],"massive":[20],"device":[21],"connectivity":[22],"with":[23,45,207],"minimal":[24],"coordination":[25],"overhead.":[26],"Federated":[27],"(FL)":[29],"over":[30,116,188],"grant\u2010free":[31],"non\u2010orthogonal":[32],"multiple":[33],"access":[34,48],"(GF\u2010NOMA)":[35],"offers":[36],"a":[37,106,158],"promising":[38],"approach":[39],"by":[40,203],"enabling":[41],"distributed":[42],"model":[43,91],"training":[44],"asynchronous":[46],"uplink":[47],"low":[50],"signalling":[51],"cost.":[52],"However,":[53],"this":[54],"setup":[55],"introduces":[56],"coupled":[57],"vulnerabilities:":[58],"uncoordinated":[60],"nature":[61,74],"GF\u2010NOMA":[63],"leads":[64],"to":[65,80,148,209],"random":[66],"collisions":[67],"residual":[69],"interference,":[70],"while":[71,178,213],"the":[72,78,145],"decentralised":[73],"FL":[76,115],"exposes":[77],"system":[79],"poisoning,":[81],"Sybil":[82],"jamming":[84],"attacks.":[85],"These":[86,222],"cross\u2010layer":[87],"threats":[88],"jointly":[89,119],"degrade":[90],"convergence":[92],"communication":[94,112,166],"reliability.":[95],"To":[96],"address":[97],"this,":[98],"we":[99],"propose":[100],"Security\u2010Aware":[101],"Proximal":[102],"Policy":[103],"Optimisation":[104],"(SA\u2010PPO),":[105],"reinforcement":[107],"framework":[109],"co\u2010designs":[111],"security":[113,168],"for":[114,227],"GF\u2010NOMA.":[117],"SA\u2010PPO":[118,170,186],"embeds":[120],"physical\u2010layer":[121],"features":[122],"(e.g.,":[123,130],"SINR":[124],"interference)":[126],"learning\u2010layer":[128],"signals":[129],"anomaly":[131,190],"scores":[132],"trust":[134],"values)":[135],"into":[136],"its":[137],"state,":[138],"action":[139],"reward":[141],"spaces.":[142],"This":[143],"enables":[144],"base":[146],"station":[147],"optimise":[149],"admission":[150],"control,":[151],"resource":[152],"allocation":[153],"trust\u2010weighted":[155],"aggregation":[156],"in":[157,218,234],"unified":[159],"loop.":[160],"Unlike":[161],"prior":[162],"methods":[163],"treat":[165],"independently,":[169],"learns":[171],"coordinated":[172],"strategies":[173],"attenuate":[175],"adversarial":[176],"impact":[177],"preserving":[179],"update":[180],"diversity.":[181],"Simulation":[182],"results":[183,223],"show":[184],"achieves":[187],"90%":[189],"detection":[191],"accuracy,":[192],"sustains":[193],"participation":[195],"above":[196],"80%":[197],"reduces":[199],"collision\u2010induced":[200],"decoding":[201],"errors":[202],"25%":[204],"under":[205],"scenarios":[206],"up":[208],"40%":[210],"compromised":[211],"devices,":[212],"incurring":[214],"only":[215],"modest":[216],"increases":[217],"energy":[219],"latency.":[221],"demonstrate":[224],"SA\u2010PPO's":[225],"effectiveness":[226],"secure,":[228],"resilient":[231],"edge":[232],"intelligence":[233],"future":[235],"IoT":[237],"environments.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-13T08:25:38.343686","created_date":"2026-01-28T00:00:00"}