{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134189041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cit2.70115","title":"Dynamic Facial Expression Recognition of Learners via Adaptive Global Attention and Differential Temporal Transformer","display_name":"Dynamic Facial Expression Recognition of Learners via Adaptive Global Attention and Differential Temporal Transformer","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134189041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cit2.70115"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1049/cit2.70115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cit2.70115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898415742","display_name":"CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology","issn_l":"2468-2322","issn":["2468-2322","2468-6557"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cit2.70115","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6468-3232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology  Qingdao China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6468-3232","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology  Qingdao China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122127563","display_name":"Lujia Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lujia Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology  Qingdao China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology  Qingdao China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128369523","display_name":"Chun Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Systems Science Shandong University of Science and Technology  Qingdao China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Systems Science Shandong University of Science and Technology  Qingdao China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128376115","display_name":"Yulin Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Systems Science Shandong University of Science and Technology  Qingdao China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Systems Science Shandong University of Science and Technology  Qingdao China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128333006","display_name":"Xiaochun Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaochun Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department Swansea University  Swansea UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department Swansea University  Swansea UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100709184","display_name":"Xinyu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5128-4424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology  Qingdao China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology  Qingdao China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113426790","display_name":"Mingshi Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingshi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Systems Science Shandong University of Science and Technology  Qingdao China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Systems Science Shandong University of Science and Technology  Qingdao China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5128333006"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2200},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2200},"fwci":24.2382,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9896478,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"514","last_page":"528"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9706000089645386,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9706000089645386,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.590399980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5335999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression-recognition","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","score":0.5187000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47029998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.43389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4065999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complement","display_name":"Complement (music)","score":0.3700000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.70660001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.590399980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5587999820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5335999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987714656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Facial expression recognition","level":4,"score":0.5187000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47029998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.43389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4065999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886648","display_name":"Complement (music)","level":5,"score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.36800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3671000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196340769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698910","display_name":"Temporal difference learning","level":3,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1049/cit2.70115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cit2.70115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898415742","display_name":"CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology","issn_l":"2468-2322","issn":["2468-2322","2468-6557"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:23ff8a6fddea461aa482aa63ebb8d727","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/23ff8a6fddea461aa482aa63ebb8d727","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology, Vol 11, Iss 2, Pp 514-528 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1049/cit2.70115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/cit2.70115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898415742","display_name":"CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology","issn_l":"2468-2322","issn":["2468-2322","2468-6557"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8057655096054077}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2963524571","https://openalex.org/W2966514427","https://openalex.org/W3015550652","https://openalex.org/W3021032996","https://openalex.org/W3092755853","https://openalex.org/W3093370878","https://openalex.org/W3181162804","https://openalex.org/W3206349670","https://openalex.org/W4225568094","https://openalex.org/W4285250231","https://openalex.org/W4290724732","https://openalex.org/W4297518389","https://openalex.org/W4313361769","https://openalex.org/W4362571103","https://openalex.org/W4383226971","https://openalex.org/W4383751018","https://openalex.org/W4386453635","https://openalex.org/W4386572391","https://openalex.org/W4387415021","https://openalex.org/W4388189896","https://openalex.org/W4390322791","https://openalex.org/W4391042961","https://openalex.org/W4391906258","https://openalex.org/W4396763495","https://openalex.org/W4399570229","https://openalex.org/W4402753497","https://openalex.org/W4403602171","https://openalex.org/W4406482896","https://openalex.org/W4406524218","https://openalex.org/W4407640952","https://openalex.org/W4408735472","https://openalex.org/W4412444275","https://openalex.org/W4412773187","https://openalex.org/W4416330982","https://openalex.org/W4417299530"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Analysing":[1],"learners'":[2,42,90,119,156,188],"facial":[3,32,157,190],"expressions":[4,43],"during":[5,68],"learning":[6,10,29,50],"and":[7,12,23,52,65,83,160,176,200,209],"exploring":[8],"their":[9],"processes":[11],"emotional":[13,204],"changes":[14,40],"are":[15,115],"of":[16,41,172],"great":[17],"significance":[18],"for":[19,186],"assisting":[20],"teachers'":[21],"teaching":[22],"promoting":[24],"smart":[25],"education.":[26],"In":[27],"complex":[28],"environments,":[30],"static":[31],"expression":[33,92,158],"recognition":[34,54,162],"fails":[35],"to":[36,88,109,144,155],"capture":[37],"the":[38,45,49,72,127,152,182,201,223,227],"dynamic":[39,91,178,189],"losing":[44],"continuous":[46],"features":[47],"in":[48,170,230],"process,":[51],"its":[53,236],"effect":[55],"is":[56,86],"easily":[57],"interfered":[58],"with":[59,118,213],"by":[60],"factors":[61],"such":[62],"as":[63],"occlusion":[64],"lighting":[66],"variations":[67],"learning.":[69],"To":[70],"address":[71],"above":[73],"issues,":[74],"a":[75,139],"network":[76],"model":[77],"based":[78],"on":[79,195],"adaptive":[80],"global":[81],"attention":[82],"temporal":[84,177],"difference":[85],"proposed":[87,224],"recognise":[89],"sequences.":[93],"Firstly,":[94],"we":[95,136],"have":[96,137],"designed":[97,138],"an":[98],"Adaptive":[99],"Global":[100],"Attention":[101],"(AGA)":[102],"block,":[103],"which":[104],"adaptively":[105],"models":[106],"inter\u2010channel":[107],"relationships":[108],"dynamically":[110],"enhance":[111],"key":[112],"channels":[113],"that":[114,222],"highly":[116],"correlated":[117],"states":[120],"while":[121],"suppressing":[122],"redundant":[123],"information,":[124],"thereby":[125,234],"improving":[126,161,181],"model's":[128,153,183],"feature":[129,174],"representation":[130],"capability":[131,185],"under":[132],"noisy":[133],"environments.":[134],"Secondly,":[135],"Differential":[140],"Temporal":[141],"Transformer":[142],"(DTFormer)":[143],"extract":[145],"differential":[146],"information":[147],"between":[148],"consecutive":[149],"frames,":[150],"increasing":[151],"sensitivity":[154],"dynamics":[159],"performance.":[163],"The":[164,219],"two":[165],"components":[166],"complement":[167],"each":[168],"other":[169],"terms":[171],"spatial":[173],"enhancement":[175],"modelling":[179],"effectively":[180],"overall":[184],"representing":[187],"expressions.":[191],"Experiments":[192],"were":[193,211],"conducted":[194],"public":[196],"datasets":[197],"DFEW,":[198],"FERV39k":[199],"learner":[202],"E\u2010learning":[203],"state":[205],"data":[206],"set":[207],"DAiSEE,":[208],"comparisons":[210],"made":[212],"classical":[214],"methods":[215,229],"using":[216],"objective":[217],"indicators.":[218],"results":[220],"demonstrate":[221],"method":[225],"outperforms":[226],"comparison":[228],"multiple":[231],"performance":[232],"indicators,":[233],"verifying":[235],"effectiveness.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-03-09T00:00:00"}