{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414065237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43588-025-00846-1","title":"Urban planning in the era of large language models","display_name":"Urban planning in the era of large language models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414065237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43588-025-00846-1","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40921821"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s43588-025-00846-1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43588-025-00846-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228084","display_name":"Nature Computational Science","issn_l":"2662-8457","issn":["2662-8457"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Computational Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100681020","display_name":"Yu Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1837-6730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Senseable City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1837-6730","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senseable City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062365263","display_name":"Fengli Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5720-4026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengli Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5720-4026","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032748650","display_name":"Yuming Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0442-7071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127658","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/03tk15k72","country_code":"RW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127658"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62853816","display_name":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","ror":"https://ror.org/02yj0p855","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62853816"]}],"countries":["CN","RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuming Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urban Planning, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. linyuming9@foxmail.com","Technology Innovation Center for Smart Human Settlements and Spatial Planning and Governance, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, China. linyuming9@foxmail.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urban Planning, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. linyuming9@foxmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62853816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Innovation Center for Smart Human Settlements and Spatial Planning and Governance, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, China. linyuming9@foxmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127658"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021463856","display_name":"Paolo Santi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8942-8702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Santi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Informatica e Telematica del CNR, Pisa, Italy","Senseable City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Informatica e Telematica del CNR, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senseable City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103326255","display_name":"Carlo Ratti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlo Ratti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senseable City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senseable City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100341195","display_name":"Qi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-1173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi R. Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. q.wang@northeastern.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-1173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. q.wang@northeastern.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355277","display_name":"Yong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5617-1659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. liyong07@tsinghua.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5617-1659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. liyong07@tsinghua.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100681020"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007","https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":{"value":9750,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":11690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":30.8135,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99816702,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"9","first_page":"727","last_page":"736"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":0.9589999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-planning","display_name":"Urban planning","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/creativity","display_name":"Creativity","score":0.554099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.4528999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use-planning","display_name":"Land-use planning","score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-planning","display_name":"Regional planning","score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-model","display_name":"Conceptual model","score":0.3165000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11012388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658","display_name":"Creativity","level":2,"score":0.554099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49970000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.46380001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4528999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3919000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184603391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60738778","display_name":"Land-use planning","level":3,"score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.34860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1631582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689022","display_name":"Regional planning","level":3,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13606891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623243","display_name":"Conceptual model","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205300905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63100","display_name":"Urban design","level":3,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781281093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329499","display_name":"Language planning","level":2,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191489605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6043021","display_name":"Integrated business planning","level":2,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019207227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10883614","display_name":"Human life","level":3,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s43588-025-00846-1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43588-025-00846-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228084","display_name":"Nature Computational Science","issn_l":"2662-8457","issn":["2662-8457"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Computational Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40921821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40921821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature computational science","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1300977","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1300977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":102,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W214030001","https://openalex.org/W1548560750","https://openalex.org/W1792611288","https://openalex.org/W2020895320","https://openalex.org/W2057717931","https://openalex.org/W2063450219","https://openalex.org/W2066473934","https://openalex.org/W2079291076","https://openalex.org/W2083487434","https://openalex.org/W2090136613","https://openalex.org/W2091166788","https://openalex.org/W2167480711","https://openalex.org/W2171823781","https://openalex.org/W2499682531","https://openalex.org/W2513506629","https://openalex.org/W2799727164","https://openalex.org/W2977681578","https://openalex.org/W3006464217","https://openalex.org/W3051392275","https://openalex.org/W3085404930","https://openalex.org/W3092058942","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3119196674","https://openalex.org/W3120694366","https://openalex.org/W3165093051","https://openalex.org/W3177382889","https://openalex.org/W3206124495","https://openalex.org/W4200247659","https://openalex.org/W4200297329","https://openalex.org/W4225787819","https://openalex.org/W4226107806","https://openalex.org/W4232125279","https://openalex.org/W4236979274","https://openalex.org/W4248111217","https://openalex.org/W4250019451","https://openalex.org/W4285384595","https://openalex.org/W4285731057","https://openalex.org/W4288079361","https://openalex.org/W4290943391","https://openalex.org/W4298110867","https://openalex.org/W4309663019","https://openalex.org/W4317757475","https://openalex.org/W4321648808","https://openalex.org/W4367609791","https://openalex.org/W4378776022","https://openalex.org/W4379985979","https://openalex.org/W4380764231","https://openalex.org/W4381891227","https://openalex.org/W4382240028","https://openalex.org/W4382722192","https://openalex.org/W4383823320","https://openalex.org/W4384071683","https://openalex.org/W4384561707","https://openalex.org/W4385572162","https://openalex.org/W4386072096","https://openalex.org/W4386075980","https://openalex.org/W4386609980","https://openalex.org/W4387343740","https://openalex.org/W4387378202","https://openalex.org/W4387835442","https://openalex.org/W4388488609","https://openalex.org/W4389132373","https://openalex.org/W4389727268","https://openalex.org/W4389736340","https://openalex.org/W4389991792","https://openalex.org/W4390806989","https://openalex.org/W4390873054","https://openalex.org/W4390873887","https://openalex.org/W4390940921","https://openalex.org/W4391533253","https://openalex.org/W4391987728","https://openalex.org/W4391994095","https://openalex.org/W4392103729","https://openalex.org/W4392871815","https://openalex.org/W4393148566","https://openalex.org/W4393201808","https://openalex.org/W4393202545","https://openalex.org/W4396227413","https://openalex.org/W4398141811","https://openalex.org/W4399205331","https://openalex.org/W4399809568","https://openalex.org/W4400243314","https://openalex.org/W4401091732","https://openalex.org/W4401415213","https://openalex.org/W4401857648","https://openalex.org/W4401863317","https://openalex.org/W4401863702","https://openalex.org/W4402671229","https://openalex.org/W4402901320","https://openalex.org/W4403584105","https://openalex.org/W4403635911","https://openalex.org/W4404764563","https://openalex.org/W4404893159","https://openalex.org/W4405298817","https://openalex.org/W4407661778","https://openalex.org/W4408357561","https://openalex.org/W4409158145","https://openalex.org/W4409262960","https://openalex.org/W4409362077","https://openalex.org/W4409974594","https://openalex.org/W4410131708","https://openalex.org/W4412825678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-04T09:04:59.091469","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
