{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3201179027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43588-021-00125-9","title":"Insights into population behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic from cell phone mobility data and manifold learning","display_name":"Insights into population behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic from cell phone mobility data and manifold learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3201179027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43588-021-00125-9","mag":"3201179027","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38217135"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s43588-021-00125-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43588-021-00125-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43588-021-00125-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228084","display_name":"Nature Computational Science","issn_l":"2662-8457","issn":["2662-8457"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Computational Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43588-021-00125-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015073844","display_name":"Roman Levin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138199","display_name":"University of Washington Applied Physics Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03d17d270","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210138199"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roman Levin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048216017","display_name":"Dennis L. Chao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8253-6321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1303444417","display_name":"Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303444417"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161647","display_name":"Institute for Disease Modeling","ror":"https://ror.org/0532gcg76","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161647"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis L. Chao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8253-6321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1303444417","https://openalex.org/I4210161647"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108192522","display_name":"Edward A. Wenger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1303444417","display_name":"Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303444417"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161647","display_name":"Institute for Disease Modeling","ror":"https://ror.org/0532gcg76","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161647"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward A. Wenger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1303444417","https://openalex.org/I4210161647"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009969698","display_name":"Joshua L. Proctor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1424-8504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1303444417","display_name":"Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303444417"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161647","display_name":"Institute for Disease Modeling","ror":"https://ror.org/0532gcg76","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161647"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua L. Proctor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA. jproctor@idmod.org","Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1424-8504","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA. jproctor@idmod.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1303444417"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1303444417","https://openalex.org/I4210161647"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015073844"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138199"],"apc_list":{"value":9750,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":11690},"apc_paid":{"value":9679,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":10438},"fwci":12.6652,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98693376,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"9","first_page":"588","last_page":"597"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.809758186340332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.7275781035423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phone","display_name":"Phone","score":0.630854606628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5499942302703857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.4975421726703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.49593886733055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43583303689956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.39595481753349304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.21108710765838623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.19550061225891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.16841331124305725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.1596299409866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.11728507280349731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.06883499026298523}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.809758186340332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.7275781035423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.630854606628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5499942302703857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.4975421726703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.49593886733055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43583303689956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.39595481753349304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.21108710765838623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.19550061225891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.16841331124305725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1596299409866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.11728507280349731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.06883499026298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s43588-021-00125-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43588-021-00125-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43588-021-00125-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228084","display_name":"Nature Computational Science","issn_l":"2662-8457","issn":["2662-8457"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Computational Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38217135","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38217135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature computational science","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10766515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10766515","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10766515/pdf/43588_2021_Article_125.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nat Comput Sci","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s43588-021-00125-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43588-021-00125-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43588-021-00125-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228084","display_name":"Nature Computational Science","issn_l":"2662-8457","issn":["2662-8457"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Computational Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309913","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3201179027.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3201179027.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W616193750","https://openalex.org/W1483072991","https://openalex.org/W1987236926","https://openalex.org/W2004026774","https://openalex.org/W2047555270","https://openalex.org/W2053095324","https://openalex.org/W2089876099","https://openalex.org/W2097308346","https://openalex.org/W2097749765","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2127218421","https://openalex.org/W2168175751","https://openalex.org/W2519132385","https://openalex.org/W2745846861","https://openalex.org/W2962963464","https://openalex.org/W2963687408","https://openalex.org/W3008021358","https://openalex.org/W3012587129","https://openalex.org/W3013308762","https://openalex.org/W3015740662","https://openalex.org/W3017185871","https://openalex.org/W3035010845","https://openalex.org/W3039225830","https://openalex.org/W3043448783","https://openalex.org/W3044510918","https://openalex.org/W3045752894","https://openalex.org/W3082092587","https://openalex.org/W3082599424","https://openalex.org/W3084885616","https://openalex.org/W3089479994","https://openalex.org/W3096036142","https://openalex.org/W3096879084","https://openalex.org/W3100856122","https://openalex.org/W3108202535","https://openalex.org/W3131845830","https://openalex.org/W3201179027","https://openalex.org/W4210968171","https://openalex.org/W4213367101","https://openalex.org/W6605730748","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6949791762"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036314732","https://openalex.org/W3009669391","https://openalex.org/W3176864053","https://openalex.org/W4206669628","https://openalex.org/W3171943759","https://openalex.org/W4292098121","https://openalex.org/W3154141118","https://openalex.org/W4388896133","https://openalex.org/W3031607536","https://openalex.org/W4205317059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"the":[1,13,59,73,76,89,146],"complex":[2],"interplay":[3],"between":[4],"human":[5,39],"behavior,":[6],"disease":[7],"transmission":[8],"and":[9,41,50,70,125,136],"non-pharmaceutical":[10],"interventions":[11],"during":[12],"COVID-19":[14,120],"pandemic":[15],"could":[16],"provide":[17,127],"valuable":[18],"insights":[19],"with":[20,98,102],"which":[21,54],"to":[22,37,119,138],"focus":[23],"future":[24],"public":[25],"health":[26],"efforts.":[27],"Cell":[28],"phone":[29],"mobility":[30,40,52,94,134],"data":[31,135],"offer":[32],"a":[33,85,130],"modern":[34],"measurement":[35],"instrument":[36],"investigate":[38,48],"behavior":[42,95,137],"at":[43,58,64,144],"an":[44],"unprecedented":[45],"scale.":[46],"We":[47],"aggregated":[49],"anonymized":[51],"data,":[53],"measure":[55],"how":[56],"populations":[57],"census-block-group":[60],"geographic":[61],"scale":[62],"stayed":[63],"home":[65],"in":[66],"California,":[67],"Georgia,":[68],"Texas":[69],"Washington":[71],"from":[72],"beginning":[74],"of":[75,91,93,113,148],"pandemic.":[77],"Using":[78],"manifold":[79],"learning":[80],"techniques,":[81],"we":[82],"show":[83],"that":[84,96,109],"low-dimensional":[86],"embedding":[87],"enables":[88],"identification":[90],"patterns":[92],"align":[97],"stay-at-home":[99],"orders,":[100],"correlate":[101],"socioeconomic":[103],"factors,":[104],"cluster":[105],"geographically,":[106],"reveal":[107],"subpopulations":[108],"probably":[110],"migrated":[111],"out":[112],"urban":[114],"areas":[115],"and,":[116],"importantly,":[117],"link":[118],"case":[121],"counts.":[122],"The":[123],"analysis":[124],"approach":[126],"local":[128],"epidemiologists":[129],"framework":[131],"for":[132],"interpreting":[133],"inform":[139],"policy":[140],"makers'":[141],"decision-making":[142],"aimed":[143],"curbing":[145],"spread":[147],"COVID-19.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
