{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406679533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-024-00976-7","title":"What large language models know and what people think they know","display_name":"What large language models know and what people think they know","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406679533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-024-00976-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42256-024-00976-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-024-00976-7","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-024-00976-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2912241403","display_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2522-5839","issn":["2522-5839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-024-00976-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051768325","display_name":"Mark Steyvers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1466-5647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mark Steyvers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075396743","display_name":"Heliodoro Tejeda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6726-4658"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heliodoro Tejeda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040234818","display_name":"Aakriti Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9502-013X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aakriti Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046013336","display_name":"Catarina Bel\u00e9m","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5781-3131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catarina Belem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093800032","display_name":"Sheer Karny","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheer Karny","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109792151","display_name":"Xinyue Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyue Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010566604","display_name":"Lukas William Mayer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6795-6013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukas W. Mayer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077460655","display_name":"Padhraic Smyth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9971-8378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Padhraic Smyth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051768325"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"],"apc_list":{"value":9750,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":11690},"apc_paid":{"value":9750,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":11690},"fwci":214.7412,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":95,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99988881,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"221","last_page":"231"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9745000004768372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.6009929180145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5475724935531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.4818671643733978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-confidence","display_name":"Self-confidence","score":0.4237607419490814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3551517724990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.35335737466812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33329296112060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.2767537236213684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.14090391993522644}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6009929180145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5475724935531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.4818671643733978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48444904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116378","display_name":"Self-confidence","level":2,"score":0.4237607419490814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3551517724990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.35335737466812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33329296112060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2767537236213684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.14090391993522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42256-024-00976-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-024-00976-7","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-024-00976-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2912241403","display_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2522-5839","issn":["2522-5839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42256-024-00976-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-024-00976-7","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-024-00976-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2912241403","display_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2522-5839","issn":["2522-5839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4131656765","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1900644","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5921281487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"number","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406679533.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406679533.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000803197","https://openalex.org/W2034317619","https://openalex.org/W2056533510","https://openalex.org/W2132256294","https://openalex.org/W2143841415","https://openalex.org/W2144200470","https://openalex.org/W2254249950","https://openalex.org/W2896487960","https://openalex.org/W2963339397","https://openalex.org/W3030350595","https://openalex.org/W3083410900","https://openalex.org/W3159250634","https://openalex.org/W3163443091","https://openalex.org/W3199958362","https://openalex.org/W4225117847","https://openalex.org/W4225591000","https://openalex.org/W4226278401","https://openalex.org/W4281690148","https://openalex.org/W4319332853","https://openalex.org/W4323350039","https://openalex.org/W4381797997","https://openalex.org/W4385571050","https://openalex.org/W4386836971","https://openalex.org/W4387851331","https://openalex.org/W4388585881","https://openalex.org/W4388624604","https://openalex.org/W4388717366","https://openalex.org/W4388787677","https://openalex.org/W4389518686","https://openalex.org/W4389523793","https://openalex.org/W4390578173","https://openalex.org/W4399803256","https://openalex.org/W4402671787","https://openalex.org/W4404534210","https://openalex.org/W6839548382","https://openalex.org/W6852800892","https://openalex.org/W6906376699"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2628861693","https://openalex.org/W3203087560","https://openalex.org/W4361279463","https://openalex.org/W4232814730","https://openalex.org/W2975814312","https://openalex.org/W4387697615","https://openalex.org/W2568121504","https://openalex.org/W2483836897","https://openalex.org/W2049668268","https://openalex.org/W2087303720"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"As":[1],"artificial":[2],"intelligence":[3],"systems,":[4],"particularly":[5],"large":[6],"language":[7],"models":[8,100],"(LLMs),":[9],"become":[10],"increasingly":[11],"integrated":[12],"into":[13],"decision-making":[14,196],"processes,":[15],"the":[16,41,71,77,86,91,121,139,154,159,163,177,185],"ability":[17],"to":[18,66,76,119,151],"trust":[19,193],"their":[20,44],"outputs":[21],"is":[22,58],"crucial.":[23],"To":[24],"earn":[25],"human":[26,80],"trust,":[27],"LLMs":[28],"must":[29],"be":[30],"well":[31,97],"calibrated":[32],"such":[33],"that":[34,116],"they":[35,63],"can":[36,101],"accurately":[37],"assess":[38],"and":[39,85,90,99,105,112,162,183],"communicate":[40],"likelihood":[42],"of":[43,123,171,179,187],"predictions":[45],"being":[46],"correct.":[47],"Whereas":[48],"recent":[49],"work":[50],"has":[51],"focused":[52],"on":[53],"LLMs\u2019":[54],"internal":[55,156],"confidence,":[56,89,136,157],"less":[57],"understood":[59],"about":[60],"how":[61,96],"effectively":[62],"convey":[64],"uncertainty":[65,181],"users.":[67],"Here":[68],"we":[69],"explore":[70],"calibration":[72,160],"gap,":[73,93],"which":[74,94],"refers":[75],"difference":[78],"between":[79,103],"confidence":[81],"in":[82,190,194],"LLM-generated":[83],"answers":[84],"models\u2019":[87,155],"actual":[88],"discrimination":[92,164],"reflects":[95],"humans":[98],"distinguish":[102],"correct":[104],"incorrect":[106],"answers.":[107],"Our":[108],"experiments":[109],"with":[110,128],"multiple-choice":[111],"short-answer":[113],"questions":[114],"reveal":[115],"users":[117],"tend":[118],"overestimate":[120],"accuracy":[122],"LLM":[124,149,172],"responses":[125],"when":[126,138],"provided":[127],"default":[129],"explanations.":[130],"Moreover,":[131],"longer":[132],"explanations":[133,150],"increased":[134],"user":[135,169,192],"even":[137],"extra":[140],"length":[141,189],"did":[142],"not":[143],"improve":[144],"answer":[145],"accuracy.":[146,173],"By":[147],"adjusting":[148],"better":[152],"reflect":[153],"both":[158],"gap":[161,165],"narrowed,":[166],"significantly":[167],"improving":[168],"perception":[170],"These":[174],"findings":[175],"underscore":[176],"importance":[178],"accurate":[180],"communication":[182],"highlight":[184],"effect":[186],"explanation":[188],"influencing":[191],"artificial-intelligence-assisted":[195],"environments.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}