{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406353025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-024-00965-w","title":"Exploring scalable medical image encoders beyond text supervision","display_name":"Exploring scalable medical image encoders beyond text supervision","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406353025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-024-00965-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42256-024-00965-w","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-024-00965-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2912241403","display_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2522-5839","issn":["2522-5839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054482170","display_name":"Fernando P\u00e9rez\u2010Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9090-3024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fernando P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056301773","display_name":"Harshita Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4683-2606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harshita Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083332082","display_name":"Sam Bond-Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1538-7909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sam Bond-Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080583641","display_name":"Kenza Bouzid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5864-2792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenza Bouzid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025795882","display_name":"Valentina Salvatelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-4101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valentina Salvatelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112870737","display_name":"Maximilian Ilse","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maximilian Ilse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081683131","display_name":"Shruthi Bannur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5750-7628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shruthi Bannur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037843387","display_name":"Daniel C. Castro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6829-7045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel C. Castro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010707054","display_name":"Anton Schwaighofer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1557-0527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anton Schwaighofer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038969629","display_name":"Matthew P. Lungren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8591-5861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew P. Lungren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Health and Life Sciences, Redmond, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Health and Life Sciences, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008697579","display_name":"Maria Teodora Wetscherek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2924-7587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802466933","display_name":"Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/04v54gj93","country_code":"GB","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802466933"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Teodora Wetscherek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK","Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802466933","https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073027533","display_name":"Noel Codella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6735-9067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noel Codella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Azure AI, Redmond, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Azure AI, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102833971","display_name":"Stephanie L. Hyland","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie L. Hyland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050558499","display_name":"Javier Alvarez-Valle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0906-4177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javier Alvarez-Valle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038400548","display_name":"Ozan Oktay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2976-0874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ozan Oktay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Health Futures, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054482170"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"],"apc_list":{"value":9750,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":11690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":98.8944,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99953166,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"119","last_page":"130"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9801999926567078,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6922070980072021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.6908994913101196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6402469277381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5449938774108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4173167049884796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.367669939994812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3154696226119995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12275838851928711}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6922070980072021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.6908994913101196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6402469277381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5449938774108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4173167049884796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.367669939994812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3154696226119995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12275838851928711}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42256-024-00965-w","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-024-00965-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2912241403","display_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2522-5839","issn":["2522-5839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":105,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2152772232","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2197880141","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2611650229","https://openalex.org/W2884822772","https://openalex.org/W2912664121","https://openalex.org/W2963466845","https://openalex.org/W2979708377","https://openalex.org/W2986571455","https://openalex.org/W2991676991","https://openalex.org/W2995225687","https://openalex.org/W3002669799","https://openalex.org/W3014974815","https://openalex.org/W3035060554","https://openalex.org/W3036224891","https://openalex.org/W3101156210","https://openalex.org/W3103694015","https://openalex.org/W3112701542","https://openalex.org/W3114128166","https://openalex.org/W3120430728","https://openalex.org/W3126004537","https://openalex.org/W3135367836","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3139379779","https://openalex.org/W3144886804","https://openalex.org/W3159481202","https://openalex.org/W3166845084","https://openalex.org/W3171007011","https://openalex.org/W3172942063","https://openalex.org/W3182683290","https://openalex.org/W3188390846","https://openalex.org/W3193402170","https://openalex.org/W3201906559","https://openalex.org/W3206727995","https://openalex.org/W3207750165","https://openalex.org/W3212456749","https://openalex.org/W3213454282","https://openalex.org/W4224232320","https://openalex.org/W4225323055","https://openalex.org/W4229042118","https://openalex.org/W4283805541","https://openalex.org/W4285794963","https://openalex.org/W4291021452","https://openalex.org/W4295951577","https://openalex.org/W4296027312","https://openalex.org/W4312060039","https://openalex.org/W4312140771","https://openalex.org/W4312428231","https://openalex.org/W4312446817","https://openalex.org/W4312533035","https://openalex.org/W4312629998","https://openalex.org/W4312804044","https://openalex.org/W4312877428","https://openalex.org/W4312910992","https://openalex.org/W4313019631","https://openalex.org/W4313156423","https://openalex.org/W4319300504","https://openalex.org/W4320722432","https://openalex.org/W4321498402","https://openalex.org/W4323066559","https://openalex.org/W4365143687","https://openalex.org/W4366208220","https://openalex.org/W4379089507","https://openalex.org/W4379259189","https://openalex.org/W4379878309","https://openalex.org/W4380715531","https://openalex.org/W4384517796","https://openalex.org/W4385285835","https://openalex.org/W4385567805","https://openalex.org/W4385573131","https://openalex.org/W4385574368","https://openalex.org/W4386071707","https://openalex.org/W4386072059","https://openalex.org/W4386075916","https://openalex.org/W4386076418","https://openalex.org/W4386076428","https://openalex.org/W4386278996","https://openalex.org/W4386566542","https://openalex.org/W4387007747","https://openalex.org/W4387211014","https://openalex.org/W4387602683","https://openalex.org/W4387687151","https://openalex.org/W4387893971","https://openalex.org/W4388303897","https://openalex.org/W4389104669","https://openalex.org/W4389156617","https://openalex.org/W4389260913","https://openalex.org/W4390872699","https://openalex.org/W4394593022","https://openalex.org/W4397005432","https://openalex.org/W4400889241","https://openalex.org/W4401725766","https://openalex.org/W4402727764","https://openalex.org/W4402727885","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6854691855","https://openalex.org/W6855698372","https://openalex.org/W6884898520","https://openalex.org/W6931618278","https://openalex.org/W6941067389","https://openalex.org/W6941223654"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389214306","https://openalex.org/W4390516098","https://openalex.org/W2965083567","https://openalex.org/W4235240664","https://openalex.org/W1838576100","https://openalex.org/W2095886385","https://openalex.org/W2181948922","https://openalex.org/W2889616422","https://openalex.org/W2089704382","https://openalex.org/W1983399550"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-03T22:45:19.894376","created_date":"2025-01-15T00:00:00"}
