{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4288889641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00437-5","title":"When and how convolutional neural networks generalize to out-of-distribution category\u2013viewpoint combinations","display_name":"When and how convolutional neural networks generalize to out-of-distribution category\u2013viewpoint combinations","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4288889641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00437-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42256-021-00437-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00437-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2912241403","display_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2522-5839","issn":["2522-5839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/143479","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040427850","display_name":"Spandan Madan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8957-0004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Spandan Madan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA","School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8957-0004","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051000016","display_name":"Timothy Henry","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy Henry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA","Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024274700","display_name":"Jamell Dozier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamell Dozier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA","Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055261310","display_name":"Helen Ho","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helen Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institue of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institue of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070176712","display_name":"Nishchal Bhandari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nishchal Bhandari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institue of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institue of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042578984","display_name":"Tomotake Sasaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3376-2779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252096349","display_name":"Fujitsu (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/038e2g226","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomotake Sasaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujitsu Laboratories, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3376-2779","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujitsu Laboratories, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075155488","display_name":"Fr\u00e9do Durand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9919-069X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fr\u00e9do Durand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institue of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institue of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043151044","display_name":"Hanspeter Pfister","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3620-2582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanspeter Pfister","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020830959","display_name":"Xavier Boix","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4656-3485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xavier Boix","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA","Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4656-3485","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040427850"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":{"value":9750,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":11690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4634,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93395403,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"2","first_page":"146","last_page":"153"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.8381757736206055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.6335105895996094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6266546845436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6229130625724792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6060338020324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5116406083106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.5084378123283386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.48688092827796936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4491092562675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-neuroscience-of-visual-object-recognition","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","score":0.41419243812561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4074699282646179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21167370676994324}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.8381757736206055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.6335105895996094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6266546845436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6229130625724792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6060338020324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5116406083106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.5084378123283386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.48688092827796936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4491092562675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.41419243812561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4074699282646179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21167370676994324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42256-021-00437-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00437-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2912241403","display_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2522-5839","issn":["2522-5839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/143479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/143479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/143479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/143479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5300787990","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1231216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6712848041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Contract No. 40008819","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321879","funder_display_name":"Fujitsu"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8276979180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1901030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321879","display_name":"Fujitsu","ror":"https://ror.org/038e2g226"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1575599996","https://openalex.org/W1591870335","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1949483711","https://openalex.org/W1990037101","https://openalex.org/W1991264156","https://openalex.org/W1994197834","https://openalex.org/W1994488211","https://openalex.org/W2008839571","https://openalex.org/W2031342017","https://openalex.org/W2068777106","https://openalex.org/W2101295242","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2115441154","https://openalex.org/W2123456673","https://openalex.org/W2128942651","https://openalex.org/W2138011018","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2471821491","https://openalex.org/W2518803647","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2563100679","https://openalex.org/W2793987571","https://openalex.org/W2795697078","https://openalex.org/W2897124911","https://openalex.org/W2908124316","https://openalex.org/W2913340405","https://openalex.org/W2962748819","https://openalex.org/W2963188159","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963665806","https://openalex.org/W2963749936","https://openalex.org/W2963826402","https://openalex.org/W2964056579","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W2964239644","https://openalex.org/W2968993450","https://openalex.org/W2970692043","https://openalex.org/W2998545307","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3084902463","https://openalex.org/W3085093108","https://openalex.org/W4206410067","https://openalex.org/W4244723818"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165912799","https://openalex.org/W2735662278","https://openalex.org/W2382615723","https://openalex.org/W4250128246","https://openalex.org/W2933653026","https://openalex.org/W2573606541","https://openalex.org/W2912559722","https://openalex.org/W2139834217","https://openalex.org/W2100099236","https://openalex.org/W1575585820"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}