{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3166708349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00358-3","title":"Epistemic fragmentation poses a threat to the governance of online targeting","display_name":"Epistemic fragmentation poses a threat to the governance of online targeting","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3166708349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00358-3","mag":"3166708349"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42256-021-00358-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00358-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-021-00358-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2912241403","display_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2522-5839","issn":["2522-5839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-021-00358-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033554834","display_name":"Silvia Milano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9643-4222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Silvia Milano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9643-4222","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081516308","display_name":"Brent Mittelstadt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4709-6404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brent Mittelstadt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4709-6404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075172090","display_name":"Sandra Wachter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3800-0113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandra Wachter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008943199","display_name":"Chris Russell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1665-1759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Russell","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1665-1759","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033554834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":{"value":9750,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":11690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.0084,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97197266,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"6","first_page":"466","last_page":"472"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9587000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9578999876976013,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.6320439577102661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fragmentation","display_name":"Fragmentation (computing)","score":0.6304500699043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5291564464569092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.43562740087509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.42330485582351685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.32638466358184814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.23209252953529358}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.6320439577102661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191015642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132459","display_name":"Fragmentation (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6304500699043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5291564464569092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.43562740087509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.42330485582351685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.32638466358184814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23209252953529358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42256-021-00358-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00358-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-021-00358-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2912241403","display_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2522-5839","issn":["2522-5839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:d6b4d64c-d1b2-4721-91ac-8c37744a8d9d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d6b4d64c-d1b2-4721-91ac-8c37744a8d9d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symplectic Elements","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42256-021-00358-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00358-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-021-00358-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2912241403","display_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2522-5839","issn":["2522-5839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5757015298","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PF\\170151","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320004","funder_display_name":"British Academy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6462933668","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PF2\\180114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320004","funder_display_name":"British Academy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320004","display_name":"British Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/0302b4677"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3166708349.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3166708349.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W615621364","https://openalex.org/W619368379","https://openalex.org/W964600994","https://openalex.org/W1608365521","https://openalex.org/W1745376753","https://openalex.org/W2018881137","https://openalex.org/W2067024896","https://openalex.org/W2095932468","https://openalex.org/W2160025529","https://openalex.org/W2189109560","https://openalex.org/W2288376631","https://openalex.org/W2335971787","https://openalex.org/W2529941261","https://openalex.org/W2545197953","https://openalex.org/W2553287405","https://openalex.org/W2564111437","https://openalex.org/W2564631591","https://openalex.org/W2587401662","https://openalex.org/W2701457381","https://openalex.org/W2793294490","https://openalex.org/W2801318856","https://openalex.org/W2802143909","https://openalex.org/W2890058952","https://openalex.org/W2892075429","https://openalex.org/W2904514817","https://openalex.org/W2912854414","https://openalex.org/W2921815814","https://openalex.org/W2927639528","https://openalex.org/W2948961760","https://openalex.org/W2957654274","https://openalex.org/W2963809228","https://openalex.org/W2972841912","https://openalex.org/W2994507840","https://openalex.org/W3011786056","https://openalex.org/W3081383289","https://openalex.org/W3083206818","https://openalex.org/W3121661582","https://openalex.org/W3122268774","https://openalex.org/W3122393744","https://openalex.org/W3123847197","https://openalex.org/W3124892530","https://openalex.org/W3125627650","https://openalex.org/W3126147148","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W4206182481","https://openalex.org/W4206299995","https://openalex.org/W4206597645","https://openalex.org/W4256286545","https://openalex.org/W4285525298","https://openalex.org/W4288086175"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W1997209091","https://openalex.org/W2003827594","https://openalex.org/W1989087147","https://openalex.org/W1971760828","https://openalex.org/W2141977832","https://openalex.org/W2091447320","https://openalex.org/W2130134604","https://openalex.org/W2097586012","https://openalex.org/W2169364714"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T13:55:30.953635","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}