{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3161176621","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00349-4","title":"A human in the loop in surgery automation","display_name":"A human in the loop in surgery automation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3161176621","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00349-4","mag":"3161176621"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42256-021-00349-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00349-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2912241403","display_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2522-5839","issn":["2522-5839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074444599","display_name":"Eduard Fosch\u2010Villaronga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8325-5871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eduard Fosch-Villaronga","raw_affiliation_strings":["eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046403197","display_name":"Pranav Khanna","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pranav Khanna","raw_affiliation_strings":["eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039262873","display_name":"Hadassah Drukarch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9695-8990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadassah Drukarch","raw_affiliation_strings":["eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002768053","display_name":"Bart Custers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3355-8380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bart H. M. Custers","raw_affiliation_strings":["eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074444599"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"apc_list":{"value":9750,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":11690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9022,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90814338,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"5","first_page":"368","last_page":"369"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11984","display_name":"Anatomy and Medical Technology","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9746999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.6283969283103943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-in-the-loop","display_name":"Human-in-the-loop","score":0.5793936252593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loop","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","score":0.5146823525428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.38245877623558044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3493088185787201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.34553563594818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34374433755874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25345730781555176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.10482025146484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.09937044978141785}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.6283969283103943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780626000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5936775","display_name":"Human-in-the-loop","level":2,"score":0.5793936252593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184670325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q512604","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5146823525428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.38245877623558044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3493088185787201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.34553563594818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34374433755874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25345730781555176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10482025146484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.09937044978141785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42256-021-00349-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00349-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2912241403","display_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2522-5839","issn":["2522-5839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1720752806","https://openalex.org/W1989494203","https://openalex.org/W2346178339","https://openalex.org/W2598070036","https://openalex.org/W2614042645","https://openalex.org/W2735048916","https://openalex.org/W2911521302","https://openalex.org/W2971451889","https://openalex.org/W3015726433","https://openalex.org/W4238818106"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W24774503","https://openalex.org/W4288099294","https://openalex.org/W2014821076","https://openalex.org/W1990620319","https://openalex.org/W1965744717","https://openalex.org/W2111234595","https://openalex.org/W3216334292","https://openalex.org/W4367173559","https://openalex.org/W2324273747","https://openalex.org/W2485512002"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
