{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2944832352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0064-x","title":"A definition for robotics as an academic discipline","display_name":"A definition for robotics as an academic discipline","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2944832352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0064-x","mag":"2944832352"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42256-019-0064-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0064-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2912241403","display_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2522-5839","issn":["2522-5839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007220021","display_name":"Signe Redfield","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5428-6054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Signe Redfield","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007220021"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"],"apc_list":{"value":9750,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":11690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6721,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69548909,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"6","first_page":"263","last_page":"264"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10653","display_name":"Robot Manipulation and Learning","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10653","display_name":"Robot Manipulation and Learning","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10879","display_name":"Robotic Locomotion and Control","score":0.9664999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.5614581108093262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5208454728126526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40925079584121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeronautics","display_name":"Aeronautics","score":0.395707368850708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3622385561466217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.34933242201805115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.3252409100532532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25174811482429504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.1467922031879425}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.5614581108093262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5208454728126526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40925079584121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.395707368850708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3622385561466217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.34933242201805115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3252409100532532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25174811482429504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.1467922031879425}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42256-019-0064-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0064-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2912241403","display_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2522-5839","issn":["2522-5839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337712","display_name":"Solar Energy Technologies Office","ror":"https://ror.org/033jmdj81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W393689543","https://openalex.org/W2048726136","https://openalex.org/W2061947605","https://openalex.org/W2065883524","https://openalex.org/W2071094172","https://openalex.org/W2099618002","https://openalex.org/W2161868780","https://openalex.org/W2755584236","https://openalex.org/W2963263790"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4233452137","https://openalex.org/W4254857216","https://openalex.org/W405964254","https://openalex.org/W2045758229","https://openalex.org/W4231626925","https://openalex.org/W2962829499","https://openalex.org/W4250956039","https://openalex.org/W2398963826"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
