{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2922856433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0042-3","title":"Consumer protection requires artificial intelligence","display_name":"Consumer protection requires artificial intelligence","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2922856433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0042-3","mag":"2922856433"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42256-019-0042-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0042-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2912241403","display_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2522-5839","issn":["2522-5839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11585/716483","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062424045","display_name":"Marco Lippi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9663-1071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marco Lippi","raw_affiliation_strings":["DISMI, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISMI, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081610110","display_name":"Giuseppe Contissa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8511-1505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Contissa","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIRSFID, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIRSFID, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078176771","display_name":"Francesca Lagioia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7083-3487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I874792244","display_name":"European University Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0031wrj91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesca Lagioia","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIRSFID, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","Law Department, European University Institute, Florence, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIRSFID, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Law Department, European University Institute, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021655388","display_name":"Hans\u2010W. Micklitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6286-6326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I874792244","display_name":"European University Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0031wrj91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans-Wolfgang Micklitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Law Department, European University Institute, Florence, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Law Department, European University Institute, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074196362","display_name":"Przemys\u0142aw Pa\u0142ka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6879-1596"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Przemys\u0142aw Pa\u0142ka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Private Law, Information Society Project, Yale Law School, New Haven, CT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Private Law, Information Society Project, Yale Law School, New Haven, CT, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084837357","display_name":"Giovanni Sartor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2210-0398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I874792244","display_name":"European University Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0031wrj91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Sartor","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIRSFID, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","Law Department, European University Institute, Florence, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIRSFID, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Law Department, European University Institute, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080634543","display_name":"Paolo Torroni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9253-8638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Torroni","raw_affiliation_strings":["DISI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062424045"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"],"apc_list":{"value":11690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":11690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2266,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9480582,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"4","first_page":"168","last_page":"169"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9603999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5391945838928223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5079382061958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4636788070201874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5391945838928223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5079382061958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4636788070201874}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42256-019-0042-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0042-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2912241403","display_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"2522-5839","issn":["2522-5839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cadmus.eui.eu:1814/68556","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1814/68556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196332","display_name":"Cadmus - EUI Research Repository (European University Institute)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I874792244","host_organization_name":"European University Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/716483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11585/716483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:flore.unifi.it:2158/1356616","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2158/1356616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402033","display_name":"Florence Research (University of Florence)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","host_organization_name":"University of Florence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unimore.it:11380/1175477","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1175477","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400718","display_name":"IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","host_organization_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/716483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11585/716483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320899","display_name":"European University Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0031wrj91"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029080598","https://openalex.org/W2342426366","https://openalex.org/W2798838283","https://openalex.org/W2885362917","https://openalex.org/W2886646984","https://openalex.org/W2895796724","https://openalex.org/W2903400086","https://openalex.org/W2930355394","https://openalex.org/W3103764297","https://openalex.org/W3124701710","https://openalex.org/W4233420246"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2130043461","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
