{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414454148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02584-8","title":"New Model, Old Risks? Sociodemographic Bias and Adversarial Hallucinations Vulnerability in GPT-5","display_name":"New Model, Old Risks? Sociodemographic Bias and Adversarial Hallucinations Vulnerability in GPT-5","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414454148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02584-8","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41001488"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02584-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02584-8","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02584-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02584-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044457381","display_name":"Mahmud Omar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0438-0827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095266","display_name":"Mount Sinai Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00wgjpw02","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095266"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98704320","display_name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","ror":"https://ror.org/04a9tmd77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320796813","https://openalex.org/I98704320"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahmud Omar","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Division of Data-Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","The Hasso Plattner Institute of Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","The Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0438-0827","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Division of Data-Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hasso Plattner Institute of Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106956488","display_name":"Reem Agbareia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095266","display_name":"Mount Sinai Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00wgjpw02","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095266"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98704320","display_name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","ror":"https://ror.org/04a9tmd77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320796813","https://openalex.org/I98704320"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reem Agbareia","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Division of Data-Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","The Hasso Plattner Institute of Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","The Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8030-9232","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Division of Data-Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hasso Plattner Institute of Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012807122","display_name":"Donald U. Apakama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6217-1620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320796813","display_name":"Mount Sinai Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/04kfn4587","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320796813"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095266","display_name":"Mount Sinai Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00wgjpw02","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095266"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98704320","display_name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","ror":"https://ror.org/04a9tmd77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320796813","https://openalex.org/I98704320"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald U Apakama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA","Department of Population Health Science and Policy and Institute for Health Equity Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","The Division of Data-Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","The Hasso Plattner Institute of Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","The Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6217-1620","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095266"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Population Health Science and Policy and Institute for Health Equity Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320","https://openalex.org/I1320796813"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Division of Data-Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hasso Plattner Institute of Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063055124","display_name":"Carol R. Horowitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1517-4700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320796813","display_name":"Mount Sinai Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/04kfn4587","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320796813"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095266","display_name":"Mount Sinai Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00wgjpw02","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095266"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98704320","display_name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","ror":"https://ror.org/04a9tmd77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320796813","https://openalex.org/I98704320"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carol R Horowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Population Health Science and Policy and Institute for Health Equity Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","The Division of Data-Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","The Hasso Plattner Institute of Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","The Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1517-4700","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Population Health Science and Policy and Institute for Health Equity Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320","https://openalex.org/I1320796813"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Division of Data-Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hasso Plattner Institute of Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111462667","display_name":"Robert Freeman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4413-9963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095266","display_name":"Mount Sinai Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00wgjpw02","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095266"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98704320","display_name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","ror":"https://ror.org/04a9tmd77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320796813","https://openalex.org/I98704320"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Freeman","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Division of Data-Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","The Hasso Plattner Institute of Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","The Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Division of Data-Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hasso Plattner Institute of Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091224898","display_name":"Alexander W. Charney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8135-6858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095266","display_name":"Mount Sinai Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00wgjpw02","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095266"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98704320","display_name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","ror":"https://ror.org/04a9tmd77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320796813","https://openalex.org/I98704320"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander W Charney","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Division of Data-Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","The Hasso Plattner Institute of Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","The Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8135-6858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Division of Data-Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hasso Plattner Institute of Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047405500","display_name":"Girish N. Nadkarni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6319-4314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095266","display_name":"Mount Sinai Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00wgjpw02","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095266"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98704320","display_name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","ror":"https://ror.org/04a9tmd77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320796813","https://openalex.org/I98704320"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Girish N Nadkarni","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Division of Data-Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","The Hasso Plattner Institute of Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","The Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6319-4314","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Division of Data-Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hasso Plattner Institute of Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095266"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039899830","display_name":"Eyal Klang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4567-3108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095266","display_name":"Mount Sinai Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00wgjpw02","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095266"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98704320","display_name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","ror":"https://ror.org/04a9tmd77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320796813","https://openalex.org/I98704320"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eyal Klang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Division of Data-Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","The Hasso Plattner Institute of Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","The Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4567-3108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Division of Data-Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hasso Plattner Institute of Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095266"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044457381"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095266","https://openalex.org/I98704320"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24052718,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10529","display_name":"Stress Responses and Cortisol","score":0.9210000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2802","display_name":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10529","display_name":"Stress Responses and Cortisol","score":0.9210000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2802","display_name":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11337","display_name":"Tryptophan and brain disorders","score":0.9133999943733215,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2803","display_name":"Biological Psychiatry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.8406000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.6919000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.512499988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","score":0.3449000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duration","display_name":"Duration (music)","score":0.32269999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-diagnosis","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","score":0.319599986076355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8406000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.6919000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5171999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.512499988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.3449000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.32269999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.2572000026702881}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02584-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02584-8","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02584-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.25336180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.19.25336180","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2025/09/21/2025.09.19.25336180.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:41001488","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41001488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmid:41935214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41935214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13050324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13050324/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13050324/pdf/41746_2026_Article_2584.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c284b55820b347d4993fbf66053a174b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c284b55820b347d4993fbf66053a174b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 9, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11267593","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12458962","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12458962","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12458962/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02584-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02584-8","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02584-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1190512522","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1TR004419","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3194319764","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"S10OD026880","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","funder_display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3564145659","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"S10OD030463","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3881485945","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1TR004419","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","funder_display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6177305277","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1TR004419","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316438","funder_display_name":"Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7570119347","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"S10OD026880","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8556467429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"S10OD030463","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","funder_display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316438","display_name":"Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414454148.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414454148.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extending":[0],"our":[1],"validated":[2],"benchmarking":[3],"work,":[4],"GPT-5":[5,26,73,128],"showed":[6],"no":[7],"improvement":[8],"in":[9,101,113,135],"sociodemographic-linked":[10],"decision":[11],"variation":[12],"compared":[13],"with":[14,27,77,110],"GPT-4o":[15],"and":[16,55,81,89],"seemed":[17],"to":[18,66,149],"be":[19],"worse":[20],"on":[21,132],"several":[22,86,93],"endpoints.":[23],"We":[24],"re-tested":[25],"a":[28],"fixed":[29],"pipeline:":[30],"500":[31],"physician-validated":[32],"emergency":[33],"vignettes,":[34],"each":[35],"replayed":[36],"across":[37],"32":[38],"sociodemographic":[39],"labels":[40,95],"plus":[41],"an":[42,114],"unlabeled":[43],"control,":[44],"answering":[45],"the":[46,68,71,133],"same":[47],"four":[48],"questions":[49],"(triage,":[50],"further":[51],"testing,":[52],"treatment":[53],"level,":[54],"need":[56],"for":[57,85,98,107,141],"mental-health":[58,99],"assessment).":[59],"This":[60],"design":[61],"holds":[62],"clinical":[63,126],"content":[64],"constant":[65],"isolate":[67],"effect":[69],"of":[70,103,137],"label.":[72],"reproduced":[74],"subgroup-linked":[75],"variation,":[76],"higher":[78],"assigned":[79],"urgency":[80],"less":[82],"advanced":[83],"testing":[84],"historically":[87],"marginalized":[88],"intersectional":[90],"groups.":[91],"Notably,":[92],"LGBTQIA+":[94],"were":[96],"flagged":[97],"screening":[100],"100%":[102],"cases,":[104,127],"versus":[105],"~41-73%":[106],"comparable":[108],"groups":[109],"GPT-4o.":[111],"Additionally,":[112],"adversarial":[115],"re-run":[116],"that":[117],"inserted":[118],"one":[119],"fabricated":[120],"medical":[121],"detail":[122],"into":[123],"otherwise":[124],"standard":[125],"adopted":[129],"or":[130],"elaborated":[131],"fabrication":[134],"65%":[136],"runs":[138],"(vs":[139],"53%":[140],"GPT-4o).":[142],"A":[143],"single":[144],"mitigation":[145],"prompt":[146],"reduced":[147],"this":[148],"7.67%.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-05T07:55:05.734416","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
