{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135391648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02537-1","title":"A multicenter multifunctional assessment of large language models in pure-tone audiogram interpretation for patients","display_name":"A multicenter multifunctional assessment of large language models in pure-tone audiogram interpretation for patients","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135391648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02537-1","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41832240"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02537-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02537-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02537-1_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02537-1_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jun Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114539943","display_name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04epb4p87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158318","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059cjpv64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI and IT, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","National Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantable Devices, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China","School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI and IT, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantable Devices, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129287597","display_name":"Mengyao Xing","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114539943","display_name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04epb4p87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengyao Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129238536","display_name":"Peng Xiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158318","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059cjpv64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI and IT, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Intelligent Medical Research Center, Zhejiang University Institute of Computer Innovation Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI and IT, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Medical Research Center, Zhejiang University Institute of Computer Innovation Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129209477","display_name":"Guixuan Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guixuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Medical Research Center, Zhejiang University Institute of Computer Innovation Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Medical Research Center, Zhejiang University Institute of Computer Innovation Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129241058","display_name":"Ming Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158318","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059cjpv64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129151702","display_name":"Qichuan Fang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114539943","display_name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04epb4p87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qichuan Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129333677","display_name":"Tingting Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114539943","display_name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04epb4p87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingting Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129149908","display_name":"Zhengyang Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengyang Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129300847","display_name":"XueMing Leng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"XueMing Leng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110657986","display_name":"Jiuke Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiuke Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110945786","display_name":"Xiaoyi Jiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyi Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017299066","display_name":"Chenghua Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9980-9448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114539943","display_name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04epb4p87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chenghua Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China. 20071044@zcmu.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China. 20071044@zcmu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018039983","display_name":"Jianbo Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1744-0235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017480383","display_name":"Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2rqs52","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086248","display_name":"Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/0014a0n68","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086248"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160507","display_name":"Center for Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05kje8j93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I4210160507","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianbo Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Medical Informatics, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China. jblei@hsc.pku.edu.cn","Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China. jblei@hsc.pku.edu.cn","School of Medical Information and Engineering, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China. jblei@hsc.pku.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Medical Informatics, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China. jblei@hsc.pku.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160507"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China. jblei@hsc.pku.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086248","https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medical Information and Engineering, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China. jblei@hsc.pku.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017299066"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":10.1171,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96913928,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10283","display_name":"Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation","score":0.4250999987125397,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10283","display_name":"Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation","score":0.4250999987125397,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":0.041999999433755875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10334","display_name":"Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics","score":0.03680000081658363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2809","display_name":"Sensory Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audiogram","display_name":"Audiogram","score":0.7853000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.48559999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.4844000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.46720001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gold-standard","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","score":0.435699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hearing-loss","display_name":"Hearing loss","score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.40470001101493835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17743292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781050","display_name":"Audiogram","level":3,"score":0.7853000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.48559999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.4844000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.46720001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.43779999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40993552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514654","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","level":2,"score":0.435699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780493683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16035842","display_name":"Hearing loss","level":2,"score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.3346000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.33059999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207886595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1456138","display_name":"Pathological","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017634809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84862664","display_name":"Risk communication","level":2,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.25929999351501465}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02537-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02537-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02537-1_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41832240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41832240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cf34007209c04d988d089bdbc95bf168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cf34007209c04d988d089bdbc95bf168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 9, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13136335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13136335/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02537-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02537-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02537-1_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7995747923851013,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3186670736","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"81871455","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5221647914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72574006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7135391648.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7135391648.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2048587526","https://openalex.org/W2148560214","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2561859641","https://openalex.org/W2984008985","https://openalex.org/W2991909485","https://openalex.org/W3134601984","https://openalex.org/W4310954861","https://openalex.org/W4378672794","https://openalex.org/W4384071683","https://openalex.org/W4386898509","https://openalex.org/W4387893299","https://openalex.org/W4389396369","https://openalex.org/W4390589776","https://openalex.org/W4391069573","https://openalex.org/W4391136507","https://openalex.org/W4392193191","https://openalex.org/W4392882230","https://openalex.org/W4393392853","https://openalex.org/W4396691546","https://openalex.org/W4396691893","https://openalex.org/W4398201981","https://openalex.org/W4399667220","https://openalex.org/W4399774223","https://openalex.org/W4399803256","https://openalex.org/W4402909345","https://openalex.org/W4403420208","https://openalex.org/W4403583423","https://openalex.org/W4403880728","https://openalex.org/W4404782301","https://openalex.org/W4405995927","https://openalex.org/W4407135263","https://openalex.org/W4407150885","https://openalex.org/W4407758839","https://openalex.org/W4407942740","https://openalex.org/W4408226143","https://openalex.org/W4409695426","https://openalex.org/W4411140794","https://openalex.org/W4411635183","https://openalex.org/W4412823839","https://openalex.org/W4413982530"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"No":[0],"LLMs":[1,40,113],"(Large":[2],"Language":[3],"Models)":[4],"have":[5],"yet":[6],"been":[7],"evaluated":[8],"for":[9,18,76,128,140],"understanding":[10,104],"picture":[11],"reports.":[12],"Pure-tone":[13],"audiograms,":[14],"the":[15,63,116],"gold":[16],"standard":[17],"hearing":[19],"loss":[20],"assessment,":[21],"are":[22],"technical":[23],"and":[24,44,54,92,107],"often":[25],"incomprehensible":[26],"to":[27,145],"patients":[28],"without":[29],"specialist":[30],"interpretation.":[31],"We":[32],"conducted":[33],"a":[34],"blinded,":[35],"multicenter":[36],"evaluation":[37],"of":[38,119],"eight":[39],"across":[41],"diagnostic,":[42],"interpretive,":[43],"recommendation":[45],"tasks":[46],"using":[47],"140":[48],"audiogram":[49,131],"reports,":[50],"assessed":[51],"by":[52],"clinicians":[53],"lay":[55],"reviewers.":[56],"The":[57,81],"study":[58],"revealed":[59],"that":[60],"DeepSeek-V3":[61],"achieved":[62],"highest":[64],"diagnostic":[65,117],"accuracy":[66],"(severity:":[67],"67.00%":[68],";":[69],"type:":[70],"54.00%),":[71],"R1":[72],"proved":[73],"most":[74],"suitable":[75],"general":[77,82],"readership":[78],"(FKGL:":[79],"6.41).":[80],"public":[83],"perceived":[84],"significant":[85],"benefits":[86],"from":[87],"all":[88],"models":[89],"in":[90,103],"comprehension":[91],"emotional":[93],"support,":[94],"with":[95,137],"Gemini":[96],"2.0":[97],"Flash/Thinking":[98],"scoring":[99],"higher.":[100],"Challenges":[101],"remain":[102],"pathological":[105],"mechanisms":[106],"controlling":[108],"hallucinations.":[109],"While":[110],"current":[111],"general-purpose":[112],"cannot":[114],"replace":[115],"capabilities":[118],"physicians,":[120],"they":[121],"may":[122],"serve":[123],"as":[124],"effective":[125],"auxiliary":[126],"tools":[127],"translating":[129],"specialized":[130],"data":[132],"into":[133],"structured,":[134],"patient-accessible":[135],"interpretations,":[136],"particular":[138],"relevance":[139],"populations":[141],"facing":[142],"limited":[143],"access":[144],"hearing-care":[146],"services.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-03-15T00:00:00"}