{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133825091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02496-7","title":"Shifting the retinal foundation models paradigm from slices to volumes for optical coherence tomography","display_name":"Shifting the retinal foundation models paradigm from slices to volumes for optical coherence tomography","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133825091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02496-7","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41786902"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02496-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02496-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02496-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128138459","display_name":"Raphael Judkiewicz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raphael Judkiewicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059752835","display_name":"Eran Berkowitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6817-7513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801607793","display_name":"Hillel Yaffe Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01a6tsm75","country_code":"IL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801607793"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117163","display_name":"Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/029hzjx43","country_code":"IL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117163"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52170813","display_name":"Ariel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nz8qe97","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eran Berkowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel","The Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel","The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801607793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116080748","display_name":"Meishar Meisel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0444-7175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801607793","display_name":"Hillel Yaffe Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01a6tsm75","country_code":"IL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801607793"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meishar Meisel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801607793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058178036","display_name":"Tomer Michaeli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0525-8054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomer Michaeli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091624431","display_name":"Joachim A. Behar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5956-7034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joachim A. Behar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel. jbehar@technion.ac.il"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel. jbehar@technion.ac.il","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091624431"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"],"apc_list":{"value":3590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3590},"apc_paid":{"value":3590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3590},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2138621,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.5636000037193298,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.5636000037193298,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.24140000343322754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11377","display_name":"Retinal and Macular Surgery","score":0.0786999985575676,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-coherence-tomography","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","score":0.857200026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.7462000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal","display_name":"Retinal","score":0.5598000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherence","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","score":0.4343999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.4027999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glaucoma","display_name":"Glaucoma","score":0.36809998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-model","display_name":"3d model","score":0.30219998955726624}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899552","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","level":2,"score":0.857200026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.7462000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.5598000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.553600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5105999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.4343999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.4027999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778527774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701","display_name":"Glaucoma","level":2,"score":0.36809998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019007443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568742","display_name":"3d model","level":2,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92630104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115103","display_name":"Optical imaging","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776403814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27429789","display_name":"Macular degeneration","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020205268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038886","display_name":"Imaging technique","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017601658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545981","display_name":"Image enhancement","level":3,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02496-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02496-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41786902","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41786902","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:57484e27147e4c078c2a372314843258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/57484e27147e4c078c2a372314843258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 9, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13076996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13076996/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02496-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02496-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4291168451309204,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F8791147661","display_name":"Zimin Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965083039","https://openalex.org/W2001080026","https://openalex.org/W2752747624","https://openalex.org/W2788633781","https://openalex.org/W2884563238","https://openalex.org/W2886281300","https://openalex.org/W3035682985","https://openalex.org/W3204892857","https://openalex.org/W4214612132","https://openalex.org/W4225400594","https://openalex.org/W4282945766","https://openalex.org/W4291023040","https://openalex.org/W4298127944","https://openalex.org/W4313454653","https://openalex.org/W4386697749","https://openalex.org/W4386826466","https://openalex.org/W4403015917","https://openalex.org/W4406212219","https://openalex.org/W4411019954","https://openalex.org/W4411475366","https://openalex.org/W4413772050","https://openalex.org/W4414490829","https://openalex.org/W7133229819","https://openalex.org/W7133239857"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"Coherence":[1],"Tomography":[2],"(OCT)":[3],"is":[4,130],"essential":[5],"in":[6,144],"ophthalmology":[7],"for":[8,114],"cross-sectional":[9],"imaging":[10],"of":[11,108,134],"the":[12,38,115,131],"retina.":[13],"Pretrained":[14],"foundation":[15,30,48,64,70,78],"models":[16,31,49,71,137],"facilitate":[17],"task-specific":[18],"model":[19,79],"development":[20],"by":[21],"enabling":[22],"fine-tuning":[23],"with":[24],"limited":[25],"labeled":[26],"data.":[27],"However,":[28],"current":[29],"rely":[32],"on":[33],"a":[34,61,75,119],"single":[35],"B-scan":[36],"(usually":[37],"central":[39],"slice),":[40],"overlooking":[41],"volumetric":[42,139],"context.":[43],"This":[44],"research":[45],"investigates":[46],"video":[47,63,136],"to":[50,84,138],"capture":[51],"full":[52],"3D":[53,145],"retinal":[54,69],"structure":[55],"and":[56,74],"improve":[57],"diagnostic":[58],"performance.":[59],"V-JEPA,":[60],"state-of-the-art":[62],"model,":[65,118],"was":[66],"benchmarked":[67],"against":[68],"(RETFound,":[72],"VisionFM)":[73],"natural":[76],"image":[77,117],"(DINOv2).":[80],"All":[81],"were":[82],"fine-tuned":[83],"detect":[85],"Age-related":[86],"Macular":[87],"Degeneration":[88],"or":[89,100],"Glaucomatous":[90],"Optic":[91],"Neuropathy":[92],"using":[93],"five":[94],"OCT":[95],"datasets.":[96],"V-JEPA":[97],"consistently":[98],"equaled":[99],"outperformed":[101],"image-based":[102],"models,":[103],"achieving":[104],"an":[105],"average":[106],"AUROC":[107],"0.94":[109],"(0.80-0.99),":[110],"versus":[111],"0.90":[112],"(0.76-0.98)":[113],"best":[116],"statistically":[120],"significant":[121],"improvement":[122],"(p":[123],"<":[124],"0.001).":[125],"To":[126],"our":[127],"knowledge,":[128],"this":[129],"first":[132],"application":[133],"transformer-based":[135],"OCT,":[140],"highlighting":[141],"their":[142],"promise":[143],"medical":[146],"imaging.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-03-06T00:00:00"}
