{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126422792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02410-1","title":"Flight rules for clinical AI: lessons from aviation for human-AI collaboration in medicine","display_name":"Flight rules for clinical AI: lessons from aviation for human-AI collaboration in medicine","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126422792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02410-1","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41620563"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02410-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02410-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02410-1_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02410-1_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049283573","display_name":"Ariel Yuhan Ong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9300-573X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325675289","display_name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/03zaddr67","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325675289"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088407","display_name":"NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/004hydx84","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I1325675289","https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210088407","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147381","display_name":"Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/03h2bh287","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ariel Yuhan Ong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK. ariel.ong@nhs.net","NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK. ariel.ong@nhs.net","Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK. ariel.ong@nhs.net"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK. ariel.ong@nhs.net","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325675289","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK. ariel.ong@nhs.net","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088407"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK. ariel.ong@nhs.net","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044824530","display_name":"David A. Merle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4485-5580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088407","display_name":"NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/004hydx84","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I1325675289","https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210088407","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125796","display_name":"University Children's Hospital T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03esvmb28","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094118","https://openalex.org/I4210125796"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David A. Merle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Ophthalmology, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany","Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK","NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Ophthalmology, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125796"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088407"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000504956","display_name":"Andreas Pollreisz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3902-239X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76134821","display_name":"Medical University of Vienna","ror":"https://ror.org/05n3x4p02","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76134821"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Pollreisz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76134821"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028939056","display_name":"Siegfried K. Wagner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4915-4353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088407","display_name":"NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/004hydx84","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I1325675289","https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210088407","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siegfried K. Wagner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK","NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088407"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124513942","display_name":"Mertcan Sevgi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088407","display_name":"NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/004hydx84","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I1325675289","https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210088407","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mertcan Sevgi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK","NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088407"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124658022","display_name":"Pearse A. Keane","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088407","display_name":"NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/004hydx84","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I1325675289","https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210088407","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pearse A. Keane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK","NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088407"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011657592","display_name":"Roman Huemer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1305418528","display_name":"Lufthansa (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hp2t033","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305418528"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roman Huemer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Flight Safety Department, Lufthansa German Airlines, Frankfurt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Flight Safety Department, Lufthansa German Airlines, Frankfurt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1305418528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062653250","display_name":"Julian Oehling","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1305418528","display_name":"Lufthansa (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hp2t033","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305418528"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Oehling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Flight Safety Department, Lufthansa German Airlines, Frankfurt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Flight Safety Department, Lufthansa German Airlines, Frankfurt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1305418528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124578198","display_name":"Markus J\u00e4ger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1305418528","display_name":"Lufthansa (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hp2t033","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305418528"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus J\u00e4ger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Flight Safety Department, Lufthansa German Airlines, Frankfurt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Flight Safety Department, Lufthansa German Airlines, Frankfurt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1305418528"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052911643","display_name":"Josef Huemer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5238-8295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1340918713","display_name":"University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/042fqyp44","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340918713"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088407","display_name":"NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/004hydx84","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I1325675289","https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210088407","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119171","display_name":"Kepler Universit\u00e4tsklinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02h3bfj85","country_code":"AT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119171"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["AT","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Josef Huemer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria. josef.huemer1@nhs.net","Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK. josef.huemer1@nhs.net","NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK. josef.huemer1@nhs.net"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria. josef.huemer1@nhs.net","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119171"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK. josef.huemer1@nhs.net","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1340918713","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK. josef.huemer1@nhs.net","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088407"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049283573","https://openalex.org/A5052911643"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325675289","https://openalex.org/I1340918713","https://openalex.org/I4210088407","https://openalex.org/I4210119171","https://openalex.org/I4210147381","https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":{"value":4090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4090},"apc_paid":{"value":4090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4090},"fwci":177.3801,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99983791,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.29249998927116394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.29249998927116394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.2151000052690506,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.021400000900030136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aviation","display_name":"Aviation","score":0.8051000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallels","display_name":"Parallels","score":0.714900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aviation-safety","display_name":"Aviation safety","score":0.5095000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.4860999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aviation-medicine","display_name":"Aviation medicine","score":0.453900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.43529999256134033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74448152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765633","display_name":"Aviation","level":2,"score":0.8051000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775922551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7135033","display_name":"Parallels","level":2,"score":0.714900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C538199239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640853","display_name":"Aviation safety","level":3,"score":0.5095000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.4860999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4855000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6439246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3332475","display_name":"Aviation medicine","level":2,"score":0.453900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.43529999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149927359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4828699","display_name":"Aviation engineering","level":4,"score":0.4311999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779017403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9640723","display_name":"Commercial aviation","level":3,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779328685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475557","display_name":"Patient safety","level":3,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194051981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337691","display_name":"Economic shortage","level":3,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985550459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376880","display_name":"Air travel","level":3,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02410-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02410-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02410-1_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41620563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41620563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12963479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12963479/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12963479/pdf/41746_2026_Article_2410.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cdcacd21891b4dd38ab06cad3038fad2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cdcacd21891b4dd38ab06cad3038fad2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 9, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:f0e53e0a-6946-48b6-87d5-192969473fba","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Jisc Publications Router","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_dcae04bc"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02410-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02410-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02410-1_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329812","display_name":"Moorfields Eye Charity","ror":"https://ror.org/017hm5p20"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7126422792.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7126422792.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79368121","https://openalex.org/W785388884","https://openalex.org/W1979004942","https://openalex.org/W2008653298","https://openalex.org/W2111147183","https://openalex.org/W2129231390","https://openalex.org/W2215394013","https://openalex.org/W2346834216","https://openalex.org/W2467115453","https://openalex.org/W2604817854","https://openalex.org/W2981869278","https://openalex.org/W3014924729","https://openalex.org/W3042892458","https://openalex.org/W4212897451","https://openalex.org/W4220666699","https://openalex.org/W4294942234","https://openalex.org/W4320725996","https://openalex.org/W4390635752","https://openalex.org/W4391471097","https://openalex.org/W4400602298","https://openalex.org/W4401009266","https://openalex.org/W4405185619","https://openalex.org/W4405389464","https://openalex.org/W4405481489","https://openalex.org/W4406497713","https://openalex.org/W4408314709","https://openalex.org/W4408399011","https://openalex.org/W4413186556","https://openalex.org/W4413357894","https://openalex.org/W4413764808","https://openalex.org/W4415100802","https://openalex.org/W4415615340"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,8],"parallels":[1],"between":[2],"medicine":[3],"and":[4,17,24,55,119],"aviation":[5,9,56],"are":[6],"well-recognised.":[7],"industry's":[10],"early":[11],"experience":[12],"with":[13,103,123],"automation":[14],"improved":[15],"safety":[16,37],"efficiency,":[18],"but":[19],"simultaneously":[20],"introduced":[21],"new":[22],"vulnerabilities":[23],"occasionally":[25],"created":[26],"misplaced":[27],"trust":[28],"in":[29,39,95],"complex":[30],"systems.":[31],"Aviation":[32],"has":[33],"developed":[34],"a":[35,93,104],"robust":[36],"framework":[38],"response":[40],"to":[41,69,101,131],"these":[42,76],"costly":[43],"lessons.":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46,91],"Perspective,":[47],"which":[48],"draws":[49],"from":[50,75,97],"the":[51,66,124],"experiences":[52],"of":[53,111,127],"clinicians":[54],"experts,":[57],"we":[58,72],"argue":[59],"that":[60,90],"it":[61],"is":[62],"now":[63],"time":[64],"for":[65],"medical":[67],"community":[68],"consider":[70],"how":[71],"can":[73],"learn":[74],"lessons":[77],"as":[78,99,107,109,114],"artificial":[79],"intelligence":[80],"(AI)":[81],"becomes":[82],"increasingly":[83],"integrated":[84],"into":[85],"clinical":[86],"care.":[87,134],"We":[88],"propose":[89],"requires":[92],"shift":[94],"perspective":[96],"AI":[98],"\"autopilot\"":[100],"collaboration":[102,130],"\"digital":[105],"copilot\",":[106],"well":[108],"considerations":[110],"practicalities":[112],"such":[113],"scenario-based":[115],"training,":[116],"clinician":[117],"benchmarking,":[118],"minimum":[120],"unaided":[121],"practice,":[122],"ultimate":[125],"aim":[126],"optimising":[128],"human-AI":[129],"improve":[132],"patient":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2026-02-02T00:00:00"}