{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128297331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02399-7","title":"Rapid prediction of cardiac activation in the left ventricle with geometric deep learning: a step towards cardiac resynchronization therapy planning","display_name":"Rapid prediction of cardiac activation in the left ventricle with geometric deep learning: a step towards cardiac resynchronization therapy planning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128297331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02399-7","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41654658"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02399-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02399-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02399-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093734206","display_name":"Ehsan Naghavi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163677","display_name":"3DT Holdings (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04t0epe82","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163677"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan Naghavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["3DT Holdings, LLC, San Diego, CA, US","Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3DT Holdings, LLC, San Diego, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163677"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125338193","display_name":"Haifeng Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haifeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125340799","display_name":"Vahid Ziaei-Rad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vahid Ziaei-Rad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125338992","display_name":"Julius Guccione","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102009","display_name":"California Medical Innovations Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0156zyn36","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102009"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163677","display_name":"3DT Holdings (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04t0epe82","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163677"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julius Guccione","raw_affiliation_strings":["3DT Holdings, LLC, San Diego, CA, US","California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, CA, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3DT Holdings, LLC, San Diego, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163677"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102009"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125336745","display_name":"Ghassan Kassab","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102009","display_name":"California Medical Innovations Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0156zyn36","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102009"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163677","display_name":"3DT Holdings (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04t0epe82","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163677"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghassan Kassab","raw_affiliation_strings":["3DT Holdings, LLC, San Diego, CA, US","California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, CA, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3DT Holdings, LLC, San Diego, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163677"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102009"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031717929","display_name":"Vishnu Naresh Boddeti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8918-9385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vishnu Boddeti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125339593","display_name":"Seungik Baek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungik Baek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125338662","display_name":"Lik-Chuan Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lik-Chuan Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, US. lclee@egr.msu.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, US. lclee@egr.msu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5125338662"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94835802,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10598","display_name":"Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies","score":0.6277999877929688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10598","display_name":"Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies","score":0.6277999877929688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10217","display_name":"Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias","score":0.09139999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12598","display_name":"Cardiac Structural Anomalies and Repair","score":0.062300000339746475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiac-resynchronization-therapy","display_name":"Cardiac resynchronization therapy","score":0.8532000184059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ventricle","display_name":"Ventricle","score":0.7239000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.520799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-failure","display_name":"Heart failure","score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3944000005722046}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3428020","display_name":"Cardiac resynchronization therapy","level":4,"score":0.8532000184059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778921608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002035","display_name":"Ventricle","level":2,"score":0.7239000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5814999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.5753999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5443000197410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.520799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.47429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778198053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181754","display_name":"Heart failure","level":2,"score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780040984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79785","display_name":"Electrocardiography","level":2,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99398487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q257319","display_name":"Cardiac cycle","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1776627","display_name":"Surgical planning","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02399-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02399-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41654658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41654658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02399-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02399-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1567794761","https://openalex.org/W1595159159","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1946407864","https://openalex.org/W1980210973","https://openalex.org/W1983743952","https://openalex.org/W1983856662","https://openalex.org/W1990850630","https://openalex.org/W2014678603","https://openalex.org/W2016662837","https://openalex.org/W2019996486","https://openalex.org/W2021611778","https://openalex.org/W2042327723","https://openalex.org/W2045077132","https://openalex.org/W2047198412","https://openalex.org/W2059041954","https://openalex.org/W2061171222","https://openalex.org/W2064175698","https://openalex.org/W2068511305","https://openalex.org/W2090501652","https://openalex.org/W2099226234","https://openalex.org/W2128095813","https://openalex.org/W2132670047","https://openalex.org/W2162201949","https://openalex.org/W2505553137","https://openalex.org/W2624709875","https://openalex.org/W2782789578","https://openalex.org/W2804047564","https://openalex.org/W2899283552","https://openalex.org/W2911362759","https://openalex.org/W2965156580","https://openalex.org/W2969454247","https://openalex.org/W2999600747","https://openalex.org/W3003257820","https://openalex.org/W3003667836","https://openalex.org/W3008118574","https://openalex.org/W3008834654","https://openalex.org/W3033210176","https://openalex.org/W3036745246","https://openalex.org/W3108361344","https://openalex.org/W3117404978","https://openalex.org/W3130872505","https://openalex.org/W3131269241","https://openalex.org/W3131683408","https://openalex.org/W3155397377","https://openalex.org/W3174323740","https://openalex.org/W3196127649","https://openalex.org/W3199437557","https://openalex.org/W3211070123","https://openalex.org/W3214862418","https://openalex.org/W4206795676","https://openalex.org/W4245654886","https://openalex.org/W4286493946","https://openalex.org/W4288421378","https://openalex.org/W4301390930","https://openalex.org/W4308371576","https://openalex.org/W4318198441","https://openalex.org/W4362523317","https://openalex.org/W4378471266","https://openalex.org/W4382405326","https://openalex.org/W4386871420","https://openalex.org/W4387317482","https://openalex.org/W4388805587","https://openalex.org/W4392004327","https://openalex.org/W4392197121","https://openalex.org/W4394578532","https://openalex.org/W4394998532","https://openalex.org/W4401749526","https://openalex.org/W4402757266","https://openalex.org/W4403284275","https://openalex.org/W4403287500","https://openalex.org/W4403902324","https://openalex.org/W4405194331","https://openalex.org/W4405434114"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cardiac":[0],"resynchronization":[1],"therapy":[2],"(CRT)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,48,87,95,141,153,189],"common":[6],"intervention":[7],"for":[8,193],"patients":[9],"with":[10,174],"dyssynchronous":[11],"heart":[12],"failure,":[13],"yet":[14],"approximately":[15],"one-third":[16],"of":[17,42,98],"recipients":[18],"fail":[19],"to":[20,24,36,72,143],"respond,":[21],"partly":[22],"due":[23,35],"suboptimal":[25],"lead":[26],"placement.":[27],"Identifying":[28],"optimal":[29,146],"pacing":[30,102,147],"sites":[31],"remains":[32],"challenging,":[33],"largely":[34],"patient-specific":[37],"anatomical":[38],"variability":[39],"and":[40,67,105,158,184],"limitations":[41],"current":[43],"individualized":[44],"planning":[45],"strategies.":[46],"In":[47,172],"step":[49],"toward":[50,188],"an":[51,145,175],"in-silico":[52],"approach,":[53],"we":[54,139],"develop":[55,140],"two":[56],"geometric":[57],"deep":[58],"learning":[59],"models,":[60,138],"based":[61],"on":[62,77,86,114,126,149],"graph":[63],"neural":[64,69],"network":[65],"(GNN)":[66],"geometry-informed":[68],"operator":[70],"(GINO),":[71],"predict":[73],"activation":[74,155],"time":[75,156],"maps":[76],"left":[78],"ventricular":[79],"(LV)":[80],"geometries":[81,129],"in":[82],"real":[83],"time.":[84],"Trained":[85],"large":[88],"dataset":[89],"generated":[90],"from":[91,152,169],"finite-element":[92],"simulations":[93],"spanning":[94],"wide":[96],"range":[97],"synthetic":[99,115],"LV":[100,128,151],"shapes,":[101],"site":[103,148],"configurations,":[104],"tissue":[106],"conductivities,":[107],"the":[108,112,136,150],"GINO":[109],"model":[110],"outperforms":[111],"GNN":[113],"cases":[116],"(1.38%":[117],"vs":[118,132],"2.44%":[119],"error),":[120],"while":[121],"both":[122,161],"demonstrate":[123],"comparable":[124],"performance":[125],"real-world":[127],"(GINO:":[130],"4.79%":[131],"GNN:":[133],"4.07%).":[134],"Using":[135],"trained":[137],"workflow":[142],"identify":[144],"given":[154],"map":[157],"show":[159],"that":[160],"models":[162],"can":[163],"robustly":[164],"recover":[165],"ground-truth":[166],"subject-specific":[167],"parameters":[168],"noisy":[170],"inputs.":[171],"conjunction":[173],"interactive":[176],"web-based":[177],"interface":[178],"(https://dcsim.egr.msu.edu/),":[179],"this":[180],"study":[181],"shows":[182],"potential":[183],"motivates":[185],"future":[186],"extension":[187],"clinical":[190],"decision-support":[191],"tool":[192],"personalized":[194],"pre-procedural":[195],"CRT":[196],"optimization.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T05:59:30.833894","created_date":"2026-02-08T00:00:00"}