{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125096046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02370-6","title":"A Causal and interpretable machine learning framework for postcranioplasty risk prediction and surgical decision support","display_name":"A Causal and interpretable machine learning framework for postcranioplasty risk prediction and surgical decision support","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125096046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02370-6","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41566002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02370-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02370-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02370-6_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02370-6_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123453953","display_name":"Wenbo Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100698947","display_name":"Bao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9689-3891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154136","display_name":"Tang Du Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04yvdan45","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154136"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9916479","display_name":"Air Force Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ms48f15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9916479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Frontier Medicine Innovation, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China","Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Frontier Medicine Innovation, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154136","https://openalex.org/I9916479"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9916479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037472017","display_name":"T. Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092099","display_name":"Daping Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00fthae95","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092099"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianzun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057696583","display_name":"Y. Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161528","display_name":"Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/056ef9489","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161528"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiwen Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123523266","display_name":"Haoyong Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyong Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114061271","display_name":"Jiangli Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangli Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015109542","display_name":"Zhiwei Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9761-0838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwei Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112524083","display_name":"Na Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0499-720X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123519270","display_name":"Yanya He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanya He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121335822","display_name":"Jiaqi Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065743302","display_name":"Xuchen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7054-743X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuchen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100435353","display_name":"Ling Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7622-8752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042085162","display_name":"Tianzi Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianzi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100751217","display_name":"Jiwei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4145-4781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiwei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100306826","display_name":"C. Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1178-5520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123523450","display_name":"Can Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Can Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025038200","display_name":"Yang Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8753-6542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161528","display_name":"Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/056ef9489","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161528"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035247817","display_name":"Qichao Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qichao Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xinyu Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9916479","display_name":"Air Force Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ms48f15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9916479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9916479"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123522466","display_name":"Weiguo Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiguo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123486563","display_name":"Bin Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123539647","display_name":"Donghai Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donghai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xuelian Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9916479","display_name":"Air Force Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ms48f15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9916479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuelian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9916479"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123505199","display_name":"Yan Qu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9916479","display_name":"Air Force Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ms48f15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9916479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9916479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xingang Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chen Qiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161528","display_name":"Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/056ef9489","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China. rachelqiu@sdu.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China. rachelqiu@sdu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161528"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ning Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161528","display_name":"Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/056ef9489","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ning Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China. yangning@sdu.edu.cn","School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China. yangning@sdu.edu.cn","Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China. yangning@sdu.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China. yangning@sdu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China. yangning@sdu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Health and Function Remodeling, Jinan, China. yangning@sdu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":27,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455","https://openalex.org/I4210161528"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":22.0254,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97211445,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11116","display_name":"Trauma, Hemostasis, Coagulopathy, Resuscitation","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6678000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.6560999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5782999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.5662000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.4334999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-support-system","display_name":"Decision support system","score":0.40950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.3887999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.3677000105381012}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6678000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6628000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.6560999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5782999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.5662000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.47870001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.4334999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.40950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.3887999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020404979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk stratification","level":2,"score":0.35749998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134261354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical inference","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197328160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7505161","display_name":"Shunting","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02370-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02370-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02370-6_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41566002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41566002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:033017e1a492457986b9b076de94f6e8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/033017e1a492457986b9b076de94f6e8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 9, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12923646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12923646/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02370-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02370-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02370-6_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5869082808494568,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.4095984697341919,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3974510878","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2025MS1184","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311026","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125096046.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1537066827","https://openalex.org/W1545113342","https://openalex.org/W1560020441","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W2024409646","https://openalex.org/W2025484710","https://openalex.org/W2029885969","https://openalex.org/W2033732858","https://openalex.org/W2045030989","https://openalex.org/W2064186732","https://openalex.org/W2099457690","https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2130364954","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2156665896","https://openalex.org/W2318545245","https://openalex.org/W2476102909","https://openalex.org/W2487832177","https://openalex.org/W2515100021","https://openalex.org/W2538356517","https://openalex.org/W2613489821","https://openalex.org/W2624816748","https://openalex.org/W2804312807","https://openalex.org/W2945295328","https://openalex.org/W2979619501","https://openalex.org/W2979648592","https://openalex.org/W3012413426","https://openalex.org/W3022832625","https://openalex.org/W3023278213","https://openalex.org/W3130968222","https://openalex.org/W3134692737","https://openalex.org/W3193723580","https://openalex.org/W4205307007","https://openalex.org/W4311126412","https://openalex.org/W4318262242","https://openalex.org/W4362722084","https://openalex.org/W4383481917","https://openalex.org/W4390876555","https://openalex.org/W4394964969","https://openalex.org/W4403245840","https://openalex.org/W4411921545","https://openalex.org/W4412800075","https://openalex.org/W4413472940","https://openalex.org/W4415382076"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cranioplasty":[0],"is":[1],"associated":[2],"with":[3,115],"a":[4,16,132,169],"substantial":[5],"burden":[6],"of":[7,26,33,105,108,135,180],"postoperative":[8,27,113,173],"complications.":[9],"In":[10],"this":[11],"multicenter":[12],"study,":[13],"we":[14,149],"developed":[15],"machine":[17,125],"learning-based":[18],"clinical":[19,161],"decision-support":[20],"tool":[21,157],"to":[22],"predict":[23],"the":[24,42,46,51,128,151,178],"risk":[25,174],"complications":[28],"following":[29],"cranioplasty.":[30,184],"A":[31],"set":[32],"nine":[34],"features":[35],"was":[36,56],"selected":[37],"for":[38,158,172],"model":[39,49,152],"development.":[40],"Among":[41],"15":[43],"algorithms":[44],"evaluated,":[45],"random":[47],"forest":[48],"demonstrated":[50,85],"best":[52],"overall":[53],"performance":[54,89],"and":[55,63,75,83,94,119,127,142,176],"validated":[57],"on":[58,112],"data":[59],"from":[60],"both":[61],"spatial":[62],"temporal":[64,77],"external":[65],"cohorts":[66],"(AUROC":[67],"=":[68,92,99,140,146],"0.949,":[69],"internal":[70],"cross-validation;":[71],"0.930,":[72],"geographical":[73],"validation;":[74],"0.932,":[76],"validation).":[78],"Subgroup":[79],"analyses":[80],"by":[81],"age":[82],"sex":[84],"consistently":[86],"high":[87],"discriminative":[88],"(lowest":[90],"AUROC":[91],"0.927)":[93],"good":[95],"calibration":[96],"(O/E":[97],"ratio":[98],"1.16,":[100],"95%":[101],"CI:":[102],"0.97-1.40).":[103],"Analysis":[104],"causal":[106,120],"effects":[107],"modifiable":[109],"intraoperative":[110,181],"variables":[111],"complications,":[114],"diverse":[116],"counterfactual":[117],"explanations":[118],"inference":[121],"methods,":[122],"including":[123],"double":[124],"learning":[126],"T-learner":[129],"framework,":[130],"revealed":[131],"protective":[133],"effect":[134],"subcutaneous":[136],"negative-pressure":[137],"drainage":[138],"(ATE":[139,145],"-0.241)":[141],"titanium":[143],"mesh":[144],"-0.191).":[147],"Finally,":[148],"present":[150],"as":[153],"an":[154],"accessible":[155],"web-based":[156],"individualized,":[159],"real-time":[160],"decision-making":[162,182],"(":[163],"http://www.cranioplastycomplicationprediction.top":[164],").":[165],"These":[166],"findings":[167],"provide":[168],"practical":[170],"framework":[171],"stratification":[175],"support":[177],"optimization":[179],"in":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-01-22T00:00:00"}