{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125234780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02366-2","title":"Annotation-free 3D reconstruction and quantification of retinal microvasculature by RADAR","display_name":"Annotation-free 3D reconstruction and quantification of retinal microvasculature by RADAR","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125234780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02366-2","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41565785"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02366-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02366-2","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02366-2_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02366-2_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123522533","display_name":"Hao Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160779","display_name":"Institute of New Materials","ror":"https://ror.org/04s8x9847","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748","https://openalex.org/I4210160779"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Vanward New Electric Co. Ltd., Foshan, China","State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Vanward New Electric Co. Ltd., Foshan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160779"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056729171","display_name":"Zhi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8789-0151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158318","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059cjpv64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xindi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026243783","display_name":"Jiang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6548-9551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121771","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbvhh96","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121771"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131893","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03aq7kf18","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131893"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, 2nd affiliated hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, 2nd affiliated hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131893","https://openalex.org/I4210121771","https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101823346","display_name":"Ke Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5871-532X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121771","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbvhh96","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121771"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131893","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03aq7kf18","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131893"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, 2nd affiliated hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, 2nd affiliated hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131893","https://openalex.org/I4210121771","https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100407539","display_name":"Dong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4955-8008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. lidong@xjtu.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. lidong@xjtu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123454222","display_name":"Bin Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. chenbin@xjtu.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. chenbin@xjtu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123483090","display_name":"Hong Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076984584","display_name":"Jinyang Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5983-0488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39481719","display_name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/04td37d32","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39481719","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinyang Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre \u00c9nergie Mat\u00e9riaux T\u00e9l\u00e9communications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Varennes, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre \u00c9nergie Mat\u00e9riaux T\u00e9l\u00e9communications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Varennes, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39481719"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123467385","display_name":"Zhanle Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhanle Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108576421","display_name":"Y Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121771","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbvhh96","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121771"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131893","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03aq7kf18","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131893"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuping Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, 2nd affiliated hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, 2nd affiliated hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131893","https://openalex.org/I4210121771","https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000861430","display_name":"Liang Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2283-1636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121771","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbvhh96","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121771"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131893","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03aq7kf18","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131893"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, 2nd affiliated hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Liangyao0815@163.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, 2nd affiliated hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Liangyao0815@163.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131893","https://openalex.org/I4210121771","https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100407539"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09631886,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"181","last_page":"181"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.7850000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.7850000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.15139999985694885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.015699999406933784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7167999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-coherence-tomography","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","score":0.6557000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5803999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-reconstruction","display_name":"3D reconstruction","score":0.517300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tortuosity","display_name":"Tortuosity","score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal","display_name":"Retinal","score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-coherence-tomography-angiography","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography angiography","score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-reduction","display_name":"Noise reduction","score":0.3418000042438507}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7167999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899552","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","level":2,"score":0.6557000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6453999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6026999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5957000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5803999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109950114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4464732","display_name":"3D reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.517300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185250623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2301683","display_name":"Tortuosity","level":3,"score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985858981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60760969","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography angiography","level":3,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.3346000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780643987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468414","display_name":"Angiography","level":2,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781347138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1024492","display_name":"Computed tomography angiography","level":3,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180940675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575045","display_name":"Speckle noise","level":3,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02366-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02366-2","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02366-2_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41565785","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41565785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4597eb8656694184bb28278e9ee090b7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4597eb8656694184bb28278e9ee090b7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 9, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12921226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12921226/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02366-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02366-2","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02366-2_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5921243951","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52036007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8128140296","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52276084","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125234780.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125234780.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480380503","https://openalex.org/W1991934654","https://openalex.org/W2127389619","https://openalex.org/W2138480916","https://openalex.org/W2150726720","https://openalex.org/W2547569497","https://openalex.org/W2611767970","https://openalex.org/W2767560322","https://openalex.org/W2774576718","https://openalex.org/W2964025108","https://openalex.org/W3008082060","https://openalex.org/W3087837424","https://openalex.org/W3111741353","https://openalex.org/W4285606360","https://openalex.org/W4296120601","https://openalex.org/W4309159890","https://openalex.org/W4312114774","https://openalex.org/W4379516791","https://openalex.org/W4399979752","https://openalex.org/W4408527042","https://openalex.org/W4409518162"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Three-dimensional":[0],"mapping":[1],"of":[2,43,100,113,133],"retinal":[3],"microvasculature":[4],"is":[5,32],"essential":[6],"for":[7,37,127],"monitoring":[8],"systemic":[9,136],"vascular":[10,137],"health.":[11],"Existing":[12],"methods":[13],"rely":[14],"heavily":[15],"on":[16],"manual":[17,64],"annotation":[18],"or":[19],"training-intensive":[20],"deep":[21],"learning":[22],"models":[23],"that":[24],"lack":[25],"generalizability.":[26],"Here":[27],"we":[28],"report":[29],"RADAR.":[30],"This":[31],"an":[33],"annotation-free":[34],"computational":[35],"framework":[36,69],"the":[38,68],"3D":[39],"segmentation":[40,83],"and":[41,73,85,103,119,130,135],"quantification":[42],"optical":[44],"coherence":[45],"tomography":[46],"angiography":[47],"data.":[48],"The":[49,79],"pipeline":[50],"integrates":[51],"adaptive":[52],"physics-aware":[53],"denoising":[54],"with":[55,75],"topology-preserving":[56],"centerline":[57],"extraction":[58,112],"to":[59],"reconstruct":[60],"complex":[61],"networks":[62],"without":[63],"labeling.":[65],"We":[66],"validated":[67],"in":[70,91,106],"healthy":[71],"individuals":[72],"patients":[74],"early-stage":[76],"diabetic":[77,107],"retinopathy.":[78],"method":[80],"outperformed":[81],"standard":[82],"tools":[84],"resolved":[86],"layer-specific":[87],"morphological":[88],"alterations":[89],"obscured":[90],"conventional":[92],"two-dimensional":[93],"projections.":[94],"Quantitative":[95],"analysis":[96],"revealed":[97],"distinct":[98],"patterns":[99],"compensatory":[101],"remodeling":[102],"increased":[104],"tortuosity":[105],"eyes.":[108],"RADAR":[109],"enables":[110],"precise":[111],"volumetric":[114],"biomarkers":[115],"including":[116],"vessel":[117],"length":[118],"branching":[120],"complexity.":[121],"It":[122],"provides":[123],"a":[124],"scalable":[125],"tool":[126],"early":[128],"detection":[129],"longitudinal":[131],"assessment":[132],"ocular":[134],"diseases.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-01-22T00:00:00"}