{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125508235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02363-5","title":"Large language models improve transferability of electronic health record-based predictions across countries and coding systems","display_name":"Large language models improve transferability of electronic health record-based predictions across countries and coding systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125508235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02363-5","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41571946"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02363-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02363-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02363-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02363-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068823525","display_name":"Matthias Kirchler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0616-2740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143288331","display_name":"Hasso Plattner Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/058rn5r42","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143288331","https://openalex.org/I176453806"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176453806","display_name":"University of Potsdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03bnmw459","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133586","display_name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/030sbze61","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052","https://openalex.org/I4210133586"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98704320","display_name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","ror":"https://ror.org/04a9tmd77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320796813","https://openalex.org/I98704320"]}],"countries":["DE","FI","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Kirchler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Digital Engineering Faculty, Potsdam, Germany","Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Digital Engineering Faculty, Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143288331","https://openalex.org/I176453806"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133586","https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123662997","display_name":"Matteo Ferro","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133586","display_name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/030sbze61","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052","https://openalex.org/I4210133586"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Ferro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133586","https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116145400","display_name":"Veronica Lorenzini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Veronica Lorenzini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024438696","display_name":"Robin van de Water","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2895-4872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143288331","display_name":"Hasso Plattner Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/058rn5r42","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143288331","https://openalex.org/I176453806"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176453806","display_name":"University of Potsdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03bnmw459","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98704320","display_name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","ror":"https://ror.org/04a9tmd77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320796813","https://openalex.org/I98704320"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robin P. van de Water","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Digital Engineering Faculty, Potsdam, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Digital Engineering Faculty, Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143288331","https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"FinnGen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"FinnGen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073500794","display_name":"Andrea Ganna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8147-240X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133586","display_name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/030sbze61","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052","https://openalex.org/I4210133586"]}],"countries":["FI","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Ganna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. andrea.ganna@helsinki.fi","Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. andrea.ganna@helsinki.fi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. andrea.ganna@helsinki.fi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. andrea.ganna@helsinki.fi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133586"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074204533","display_name":"Christoph Lippert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6363-2556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143288331","display_name":"Hasso Plattner Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/058rn5r42","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143288331","https://openalex.org/I176453806"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176453806","display_name":"University of Potsdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03bnmw459","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98704320","display_name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","ror":"https://ror.org/04a9tmd77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320796813","https://openalex.org/I98704320"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Lippert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Digital Engineering Faculty, Potsdam, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Digital Engineering Faculty, Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143288331","https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andrea Ganna","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133586","display_name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/030sbze61","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052","https://openalex.org/I4210133586"]}],"countries":["FI","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Ganna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. andrea.ganna@helsinki.fi","Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. andrea.ganna@helsinki.fi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. andrea.ganna@helsinki.fi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. andrea.ganna@helsinki.fi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133586"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073500794"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I4210133586"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":53.2895,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99688646,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"177","last_page":"177"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9361000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9361000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.009200000204145908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14400","display_name":"Medical Coding and Health Information","score":0.007199999876320362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grasp","display_name":"GRASP","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biobank","display_name":"Biobank","score":0.7163000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transferability","display_name":"Transferability","score":0.6952000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5956000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5321000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.5101000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-classification","display_name":"Medical classification","score":0.4823000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.47450000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171268870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486676","display_name":"GRASP","level":2,"score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116567970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864217","display_name":"Biobank","level":2,"score":0.7163000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.6952000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6780999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5956000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5321000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.5101000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154874363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518464","display_name":"Medical classification","level":2,"score":0.4823000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.47450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020144179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10871684","display_name":"Electronic health record","level":3,"score":0.45249998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.42660000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.39750000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019952477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Health records","level":3,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02363-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02363-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02363-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41571946","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41571946","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f1142566972c4febb82abb9a6a055d42","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f1142566972c4febb82abb9a6a055d42","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 9, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12916935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12916935/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02363-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02363-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02363-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1190512522","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1TR004419","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3194319764","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"S10OD026880","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","funder_display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3228503322","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101016775","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3845676931","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4685/31/2016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","funder_display_name":"Business Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3881485945","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1TR004419","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","funder_display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4772110888","display_name":"A nationwide artificial intelligence risk assessment for primary prevention of cardiometabolic diseases","funder_award_id":"945733","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6177305277","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1TR004419","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316438","funder_display_name":"Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6675369814","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UH 4386/31/2016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","funder_display_name":"Business Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7570119347","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"S10OD026880","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8971121217","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HUS 4685/31/2016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","funder_display_name":"Business Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307115","display_name":"Bristol-Myers Squibb","ror":"https://ror.org/00gtmwv55"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307765","display_name":"Pfizer","ror":"https://ror.org/01xdqrp08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307770","display_name":"AstraZeneca","ror":"https://ror.org/04r9x1a08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307771","display_name":"Bayer","ror":"https://ror.org/04hmn8g73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307773","display_name":"GlaxoSmithKline","ror":"https://ror.org/01xsqw823"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307778","display_name":"Novartis","ror":"https://ror.org/02f9zrr09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307781","display_name":"Sanofi","ror":"https://ror.org/027vj4x92"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308604","display_name":"Biogen","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqkb192"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309086","display_name":"Celgene","ror":"https://ror.org/0527yg379"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316438","display_name":"Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319538","display_name":"Maze Therapeutics","ror":"https://ror.org/030sdfc18"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","display_name":"Business Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05bgf9v38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332193","display_name":"Genentech","ror":"https://ror.org/04gndp242"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125508235.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125508235.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Variation":[0],"in":[1,89,102],"medical":[2,29],"practices":[3],"and":[4,65,76,86,100,105,117,138],"reporting":[5],"standards":[6],"across":[7],"healthcare":[8],"systems":[9],"limits":[10],"the":[11,81,96,149],"transferability":[12],"of":[13,83,136],"prediction":[14,60],"models":[15],"based":[16],"on":[17,95],"structured":[18],"electronic":[19],"health":[20],"record":[21],"data.":[22],"Prior":[23],"studies":[24],"have":[25],"demonstrated":[26],"that":[27,49,114],"embedding":[28],"codes":[30],"into":[31],"a":[32,53,58],"shared":[33],"semantic":[34],"space":[35],"can":[36],"help":[37],"address":[38],"these":[39],"discrepancies,":[40],"but":[41],"real-world":[42],"applications":[43],"remain":[44],"limited.":[45],"Here,":[46],"we":[47],"show":[48],"leveraging":[50],"embeddings":[51],"from":[52],"large":[54],"language":[55],"model":[56,61],"alongside":[57],"transformer-based":[59],"provides":[62],"an":[63,111],"effective":[64],"scalable":[66],"solution":[67],"to":[68,79,148],"enhance":[69],"generalizability.":[70],"We":[71],"call":[72],"this":[73],"approach":[74],"GRASP":[75,109,124],"apply":[77],"it":[78],"predict":[80],"onset":[82],"21":[84],"diseases":[85],"all-cause":[87],"mortality":[88],"over":[90],"one":[91],"million":[92],"individuals.":[93],"Trained":[94],"UK":[97],"Biobank":[98],"(UK)":[99],"evaluated":[101],"FinnGen":[103],"(Finland)":[104],"Mount":[106],"Sinai":[107],"(USA),":[108],"achieved":[110],"average":[112],"\u0394C-index":[113],"was":[115],"88%":[116],"47%":[118],"higher":[119,128],"than":[120],"language-unaware":[121],"models,":[122],"respectively.":[123],"also":[125],"showed":[126],"significantly":[127],"correlations":[129],"with":[130],"polygenic":[131],"risk":[132],"scores":[133],"for":[134],"62%":[135],"diseases,":[137],"maintained":[139],"robust":[140],"performance":[141],"even":[142],"when":[143],"datasets":[144],"were":[145],"not":[146],"harmonized":[147],"same":[150],"data":[151],"model.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2026-01-24T00:00:00"}
