{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124285548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02289-4","title":"Structure-aware generalization for heterogeneous histopathology via prototype-based multiple instance learning","display_name":"Structure-aware generalization for heterogeneous histopathology via prototype-based multiple instance learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124285548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02289-4","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41540138"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02289-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02289-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02289-4","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123061678","display_name":"Zhenjun Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132841","display_name":"Taizhou Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/040884w51","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132841"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82760581","display_name":"Taizhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04fzhyx73","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82760581"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenjun Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132841","https://openalex.org/I82760581"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033203484","display_name":"Zhelin Xia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132841","display_name":"Taizhou Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/040884w51","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132841"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82760581","display_name":"Taizhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04fzhyx73","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82760581"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhelin Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132841","https://openalex.org/I82760581"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123072192","display_name":"Donghao Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127074","display_name":"Zhongshan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032x22645","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donghao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive Technology, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123163725","display_name":"Zhiyuan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127074","display_name":"Zhongshan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032x22645","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Surgery, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Surgery, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100384144","display_name":"Lingling Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8136-8795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132841","display_name":"Taizhou Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/040884w51","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132841"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82760581","display_name":"Taizhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04fzhyx73","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82760581"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingling Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132841","https://openalex.org/I82760581"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123086169","display_name":"Peng Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127074","display_name":"Zhongshan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032x22645","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive Technology, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123087748","display_name":"Liang Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Hongkou District, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Hongkou District, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100349949","display_name":"Bei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4764-3789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801556517","display_name":"Ruijin Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01hv94n30","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801556517"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bibo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, Shanghai, China. bbwang2025@126.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, Shanghai, China. bbwang2025@126.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801556517"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123057799","display_name":"Helin Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140432","display_name":"The Central Hospital of Shaoyang","ror":"https://ror.org/03petxm16","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140432"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Helin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General surgery, Liaoyang Central Hospital, Liaoyang, Liaoning, China. whl1819@hotmail.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General surgery, Liaoyang Central Hospital, Liaoyang, Liaoning, China. whl1819@hotmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140432"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123165234","display_name":"Zhenxiong Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132841","display_name":"Taizhou Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/040884w51","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132841"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhenxiong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China. xiong99686@sina.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China. xiong99686@sina.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132841"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100349949","https://openalex.org/A5123057799","https://openalex.org/A5123165234"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801556517","https://openalex.org/I4210132841","https://openalex.org/I4210140432"],"apc_list":{"value":4090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4090},"apc_paid":{"value":4090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4090},"fwci":21.1446,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98923694,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"114","last_page":"114"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10552","display_name":"Colorectal Cancer Screening and Detection","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6464999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5698000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prior-probability","display_name":"Prior probability","score":0.5063999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.47279998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-pathology","display_name":"Digital pathology","score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.4115000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.37700000405311584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6983000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6819000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6464999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5698000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177769412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278090","display_name":"Prior probability","level":3,"score":0.5063999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.47279998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777522853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276128","display_name":"Digital pathology","level":2,"score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.4115000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.37700000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780192828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181257","display_name":"Prostate cancer","level":3,"score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985322473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044843","display_name":"Cancer detection","level":3,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992571226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170758","display_name":"Lymph node metastasis","level":4,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02289-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02289-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41540138","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41540138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11672326","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12864818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:361ef76999204d90952a359a2ad1819f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/361ef76999204d90952a359a2ad1819f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02289-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02289-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5060407519340515}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2482817711","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023RC111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338199","funder_display_name":"Medical Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6872201622","display_name":"\u4e19\u9178\u6fc0\u6d3bGPR43/PKC\u03b1/ERK \u8f74\u4ecb\u5bfcFODMAP\u76f8\u5173\u80a0\u6613\u6fc0\u7efc\u5408\u5f81\u80a0\u7c98\u819c\u5c4f\u969c\u529f\u80fd\u969c\u788d\u673a\u5236\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"LQ23H030007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8809743289","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"32200095","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338199","display_name":"Medical Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1676820704","https://openalex.org/W2772723798","https://openalex.org/W2964152645","https://openalex.org/W2969278648","https://openalex.org/W3004531689","https://openalex.org/W3119774682","https://openalex.org/W3135547872","https://openalex.org/W3203838058","https://openalex.org/W3205605830","https://openalex.org/W4312396403","https://openalex.org/W4312468136","https://openalex.org/W4392947521","https://openalex.org/W4392947532","https://openalex.org/W4400024885","https://openalex.org/W4402727272","https://openalex.org/W4404212754","https://openalex.org/W4405667156","https://openalex.org/W4415124086","https://openalex.org/W4416034406","https://openalex.org/W4416217346"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"and":[1,20,25,35,44,48,65,68,80,91,164,174,178,185],"generalizable":[2],"cancer":[3,46,88,95],"diagnosis":[4],"from":[5],"whole":[6],"slide":[7],"images":[8],"(WSIs)":[9],"remains":[10],"challenging":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13],"limited":[14],"fine-grained":[15],"annotations,":[16],"complex":[17],"tumor":[18],"architectures,":[19],"domain":[21,145],"shifts":[22],"across":[23,176],"scanners":[24,177],"institutions":[26],"1":[27],".":[28,51,119,168,198],"We":[29],"introduce":[30],"StructMIL":[31,52,98,104,147,181],",":[32],"a":[33,70,129,183],"structure-aware":[34],"prototype-driven":[36],"multiple":[37],"instance":[38],"learning":[39],"framework":[40],"designed":[41],"for":[42,63,86,93,189],"robust":[43],"interpretable":[45,150],"detection":[47,90],"grading":[49,126],"2":[50],"integrates":[53],"graph-based":[54],"topological":[55],"priors":[56],"with":[57,128,135],"histological":[58],"context,":[59],"employs":[60],"prototype-enhanced":[61],"pooling":[62],"stable":[64],"transparent":[66],"predictions,":[67],"incorporates":[69],"unified":[71],"domain-generalization":[72],"strategy":[73],"that":[74,154],"combines":[75],"contrastive":[76],"alignment,":[77],"adversarial":[78],"confusion,":[79],"consistency":[81],"regularization.":[82],"Evaluated":[83],"on":[84],"Camelyon16":[85],"breast":[87],"metastasis":[89],"PANDA":[92],"prostate":[94],"Gleason":[96,125],"grading,":[97],"achieves":[99],"state-of-the-art":[100],"performance.":[101],"On":[102,120],"Camelyon16,":[103],"improves":[105,123],"cross-center":[106],"AUC":[107,116],"by":[108],"+3.2%":[109],"over":[110],"standard":[111],"MIL":[112,137,163],"baselines,":[113],"reaching":[114],"an":[115],"of":[117],"0.967":[118],"PANDA,":[121],"it":[122],"cross-scanner":[124],"robustness":[127],"+7.4%":[130],"Cohen\u2019s":[131],"Kappa":[132],"gain":[133],"compared":[134],"prior":[136],"models,":[138],"demonstrating":[139],"substantially":[140],"reduced":[141],"performance":[142],"degradation":[143],"under":[144],"shift.":[146],"further":[148],"provides":[149],"prototype-based":[151],"attribution":[152],"maps":[153],"highlight":[155],"biologically":[156],"meaningful":[157],"structures":[158],"more":[159],"reliably":[160],"than":[161],"conventional":[162],"graph-free":[165],"approaches":[166],"3":[167],"By":[169],"jointly":[170],"improving":[171],"accuracy,":[172],"interpretability,":[173],"generalization":[175],"medical":[179],"centers,":[180],"offers":[182],"practical":[184],"clinically":[186],"aligned":[187],"solution":[188],"large-scale":[190],"deployment":[191],"in":[192],"multi-center":[193],"computational":[194],"pathology":[195],"workflows":[196],"4":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-01-16T00:00:00"}