{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123359834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02287-6","title":"Geometric multi-instance learning for weakly supervised gastric cancer segmentation","display_name":"Geometric multi-instance learning for weakly supervised gastric cancer segmentation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123359834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02287-6","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41530453"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02287-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02287-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-02287-6_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-02287-6_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122868905","display_name":"Chenshen Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105567","display_name":"Huzhou Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01czx1v82","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105567","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chenshen Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Fuzhou University Affiliated Provincial Hospital, School of Medicine, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China. chenshenhuang@126.com","Huzhou Central Hospital, The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China. chenshenhuang@126.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Fuzhou University Affiliated Provincial Hospital, School of Medicine, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China. chenshenhuang@126.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huzhou Central Hospital, The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China. chenshenhuang@126.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122869752","display_name":"Haoyun Xia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyun Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Fuzhou University Affiliated Provincial Hospital, School of Medicine, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Fuzhou University Affiliated Provincial Hospital, School of Medicine, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101600503","display_name":"Xi Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122860047","display_name":"Hong CHEN","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Fuzhou University Affiliated Provincial Hospital, School of Medicine, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China","School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Fuzhou University Affiliated Provincial Hospital, School of Medicine, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121603977","display_name":"Yiqing Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiqing Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical Sciences, Tongji University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical Sciences, Tongji University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121642694","display_name":"Yahui Lyu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105567","display_name":"Huzhou Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01czx1v82","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105567","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yahui Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huzhou Central Hospital, The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huzhou Central Hospital, The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122889071","display_name":"Zhizhan Ni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhizhan Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122868040","display_name":"Tianyang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. tw2@uab.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. tw2@uab.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122862206","display_name":"Ning \u738b\u5b81 Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105567","display_name":"Huzhou Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01czx1v82","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105567","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huzhou Central Hospital, The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China. wning2425@163.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huzhou Central Hospital, The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China. wning2425@163.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105567"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122853445","display_name":"Qi Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China. hqhq0078@163.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China. hqhq0078@163.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5122868905"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105567","https://openalex.org/I80947539"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":36.3153,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99466831,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"101","last_page":"101"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9279999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9279999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.017899999395012856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.010499999858438969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7275000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.5461999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5128999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5102999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.46619999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-pathology","display_name":"Digital pathology","score":0.43860000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.41029998660087585}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7275000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7124000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6876999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5461999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5128999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5102999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.46619999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777522853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276128","display_name":"Digital pathology","level":2,"score":0.43860000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.435699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.41029998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65885262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7429708","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","level":4,"score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203519979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865360","display_name":"Jaccard index","level":3,"score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02287-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02287-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-02287-6_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41530453","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41530453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:19467e2c9a8948cbb8783829f5c5ae4e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/19467e2c9a8948cbb8783829f5c5ae4e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-14 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11668409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12860791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12860791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12860791/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02287-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02287-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-02287-6_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7123359834.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7123359834.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2126547130","https://openalex.org/W2132162500","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2470965540","https://openalex.org/W2956228567","https://openalex.org/W2969278648","https://openalex.org/W3135547872","https://openalex.org/W3159481202","https://openalex.org/W3176719058","https://openalex.org/W3203838058","https://openalex.org/W3211674809","https://openalex.org/W3217644914","https://openalex.org/W4220788253","https://openalex.org/W4290672527","https://openalex.org/W4312765357","https://openalex.org/W4320036931","https://openalex.org/W4321437409","https://openalex.org/W4386076092","https://openalex.org/W4386076358","https://openalex.org/W4387259074","https://openalex.org/W4393207112","https://openalex.org/W4394602543","https://openalex.org/W4395676120","https://openalex.org/W4402581324","https://openalex.org/W4407028552","https://openalex.org/W4409569008","https://openalex.org/W4411555708","https://openalex.org/W4411949464","https://openalex.org/W4413145963","https://openalex.org/W4415538374"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Weakly":[0],"supervised":[1],"segmentation":[2,42,149],"of":[3,93,140],"cancerous":[4],"regions":[5],"in":[6,14,147,181],"whole-slide":[7],"images":[8],"(WSIs)":[9],"is":[10,19,96],"a":[11,77,97,137,144,157],"crucial":[12],"task":[13],"computational":[15],"pathology,":[16],"but":[17],"it":[18],"severely":[20],"hampered":[21],"by":[22,71],"the":[23,53,84,91,105,162,173],"need":[24],"for":[25,175],"expensive":[26],"pixel-level":[27,170],"annotations.":[28],"Existing":[29],"Multiple":[30],"Instance":[31],"Learning":[32,75],"(MIL)":[33],"frameworks,":[34],"while":[35],"popular,":[36],"typically":[37],"fail":[38],"to":[39,109],"produce":[40],"accurate":[41,178],"masks":[43],"because":[44],"they":[45],"treat":[46],"WSIs":[47],"as":[48],"an":[49],"unordered":[50],"'bag-of-patches',":[51],"ignoring":[52],"critical":[54],"tissue":[55,88,116],"topology":[56],"and":[57,111,151,168,177],"architectural":[58],"patterns":[59],"that":[60,81,102,133],"define":[61],"malignancy.":[62],"In":[63],"this":[64,68],"paper,":[65],"we":[66,131],"address":[67],"fundamental":[69],"limitation":[70],"proposing":[72],"Geometric":[73],"Multi-Instance":[74],"(Geo-MIL),":[76],"novel":[78],"graph-based":[79],"framework":[80],"explicitly":[82],"models":[83],"spatial":[85],"relationships":[86],"between":[87,164],"patches.":[89],"At":[90],"core":[92],"our":[94],"method":[95],"new":[98,145],"topological":[99],"attention":[100],"mechanism":[101],"operates":[103],"on":[104,125],"WSI":[106],"graph,":[107],"learning":[108],"identify":[110],"prioritize":[112],"entire":[113],"diagnostically":[114],"relevant":[115],"structures":[117],"over":[118],"isolated":[119],"patch":[120],"features.":[121],"Through":[122],"extensive":[123],"experiments":[124],"three":[126],"public":[127],"gastric":[128],"cancer":[129],"datasets,":[130],"demonstrate":[132],"Geo-MIL":[134],"significantly":[135],"outperforms":[136],"wide":[138],"array":[139],"state-of-the-art":[141],"baselines,":[142],"achieving":[143],"benchmark":[146],"both":[148],"accuracy":[150],"classification":[152],"performance.":[153],"Our":[154],"work":[155],"represents":[156],"significant":[158],"step":[159],"towards":[160],"bridging":[161],"gap":[163],"weak":[165],"slide-level":[166],"labels":[167],"precise,":[169],"predictions,":[171],"paving":[172],"way":[174],"scalable":[176],"quantitative":[179],"analysis":[180],"digital":[182],"pathology.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T07:00:12.390032","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}