{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417102935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02196-8","title":"Self-supervised stain normalization empowers privacy-preserving and model generalization in digital pathology","display_name":"Self-supervised stain normalization empowers privacy-preserving and model generalization in digital pathology","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417102935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02196-8","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41360962"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02196-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02196-8","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-02196-8_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-02196-8_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101948673","display_name":"Jianhang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7677-5350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Technology and Advanced Medical Instrument, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Technology and Advanced Medical Instrument, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001205723","display_name":"Jiahui Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-2481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114539943","display_name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04epb4p87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahui Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Technology and Advanced Medical Instrument, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","Innovation Center for Smart Medical Technologies and Devices, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Technology and Advanced Medical Instrument, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Center for Smart Medical Technologies and Devices, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114539943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104321160","display_name":"Haixu Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haixu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Technology and Advanced Medical Instrument, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Technology and Advanced Medical Instrument, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103015560","display_name":"Yunqi Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunqi Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Technology and Advanced Medical Instrument, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Technology and Advanced Medical Instrument, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101652024","display_name":"Lei Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7991-0282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Technology and Advanced Medical Instrument, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Technology and Advanced Medical Instrument, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100458648","display_name":"Xiaoxiao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0376-5135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxiao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004043128","display_name":"Jing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6340-561X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166576","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m1p5x56","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166576"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","National Human Brain Bank for Health and Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166576"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Human Brain Bank for Health and Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008781594","display_name":"Yingke Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8317-0608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158318","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059cjpv64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yingke Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Technology and Advanced Medical Instrument, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. yingkexu@zju.edu.cn","Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhejiang Hosptial of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. yingkexu@zju.edu.cn","Innovation Center for Smart Medical Technologies and Devices, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. yingkexu@zju.edu.cn","Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhejiang Hosptial of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Technology and Advanced Medical Instrument, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. yingkexu@zju.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhejiang Hosptial of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. yingkexu@zju.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Center for Smart Medical Technologies and Devices, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. yingkexu@zju.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhejiang Hosptial of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008781594"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985","https://openalex.org/I4210123185","https://openalex.org/I4210158318","https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":1.4474,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87812786,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"22","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9693999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9693999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.006500000134110451,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.8069000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stain","display_name":"Stain","score":0.7491999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-pathology","display_name":"Digital pathology","score":0.6711999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-normalization","display_name":"Database normalization","score":0.4788999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46950000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.4449999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.8069000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781294515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2733470","display_name":"Stain","level":3,"score":0.7491999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6754000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777522853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276128","display_name":"Digital pathology","level":2,"score":0.6711999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6625000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162984825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339072","display_name":"Database normalization","level":3,"score":0.4788999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46950000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778864079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173285","display_name":"Digital data","level":3,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02196-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02196-8","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-02196-8_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41360962","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41360962","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:406b0c1aeef74f35ad09c86912b9dea6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/406b0c1aeef74f35ad09c86912b9dea6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12783595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12783595/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02196-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02196-8","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-02196-8_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2580542403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022RC009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322927","funder_display_name":"Zhejiang University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2784829477","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024C03056","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4165314340","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024C03067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4226592639","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"82572448","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6148841068","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LZ23H180002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6515319476","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022RC009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8431678602","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LZ23H180002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322162","display_name":"Hangzhou Science and Technology Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gvkax77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322927","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417102935.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2057114171","https://openalex.org/W2123737882","https://openalex.org/W2132162500","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2158485828","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2343160907","https://openalex.org/W2470965540","https://openalex.org/W2594258169","https://openalex.org/W2772723798","https://openalex.org/W2805886241","https://openalex.org/W2807102196","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2885343725","https://openalex.org/W2889232360","https://openalex.org/W2889326414","https://openalex.org/W2896245505","https://openalex.org/W2900654702","https://openalex.org/W2910383665","https://openalex.org/W2953522645","https://openalex.org/W2956228567","https://openalex.org/W2962793691","https://openalex.org/W2969278648","https://openalex.org/W2974825848","https://openalex.org/W2980170728","https://openalex.org/W2999909477","https://openalex.org/W3012501605","https://openalex.org/W3016293126","https://openalex.org/W3029162552","https://openalex.org/W3036234658","https://openalex.org/W3134114476","https://openalex.org/W3178519255","https://openalex.org/W3178709966","https://openalex.org/W3200636593","https://openalex.org/W3202416270","https://openalex.org/W3213330817","https://openalex.org/W4292202284","https://openalex.org/W4293330295","https://openalex.org/W4296693015","https://openalex.org/W4297692423","https://openalex.org/W4302774391","https://openalex.org/W4309095237","https://openalex.org/W4309915768","https://openalex.org/W4312754551","https://openalex.org/W4322102698","https://openalex.org/W4323037718","https://openalex.org/W4368364795","https://openalex.org/W4386078155","https://openalex.org/W4386954264","https://openalex.org/W4389547755","https://openalex.org/W4389612820","https://openalex.org/W4390534218","https://openalex.org/W4393072351","https://openalex.org/W4394907682","https://openalex.org/W4396832938","https://openalex.org/W4402621536","https://openalex.org/W4403446771"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"pathology":[1,35,67],"images":[2],"from":[3,25],"different":[4,76],"hospitals":[5],"often":[6],"exhibit":[7],"variations":[8],"in":[9,15,130],"color":[10],"styles":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,91,113,138],"differences":[14],"staining":[16],"processes,":[17],"tissue":[18,68],"handling,":[19],"and":[20,79,104,134],"scanning":[21],"devices.":[22],"Integrating":[23],"data":[24,45,88],"multiple":[26],"centers":[27,78],"is":[28],"essential":[29],"for":[30,86,127],"developing":[31],"artificial":[32],"intelligence-driven":[33],"digital":[34],"(AIDP)":[36],"models":[37,115,146],"with":[38],"improved":[39],"generalization.":[40],"However,":[41],"privacy":[42,148],"concerns":[43],"complicate":[44],"sharing,":[46],"hindering":[47],"this":[48],"integration.":[49],"Here,":[50],"we":[51,95],"propose":[52],"a":[53,124],"self-supervised":[54],"model,":[55],"stain":[56,81,128],"lookup":[57],"table":[58],"(StainLUT),":[59],"that":[60],"leverages":[61],"the":[62,71,84,101,108,136,140],"inherent":[63],"structural":[64],"similarity":[65],"between":[66],"samples":[69],"of":[70,143],"same":[72],"disease":[73],"type":[74],"across":[75],"medical":[77,132],"enables":[80],"normalization":[82,129],"without":[83],"need":[85],"cross-center":[87,97],"transfer.":[89],"Applied":[90],"single-center":[92],"AIDP":[93,114,144],"models,":[94],"achieve":[96],"tumor":[98,105],"localization":[99],"at":[100,107],"whole-slide":[102],"level":[103],"classification":[106],"patch":[109],"level,":[110],"performing":[111],"comparably":[112],"trained":[116],"on":[117],"centralized":[118],"or":[119],"same-center":[120],"data.":[121],"StainLUT":[122],"offers":[123],"privacy-preserving":[125],"solution":[126],"unseen":[131],"centers,":[133],"holds":[135],"potential":[137],"facilitate":[139],"future":[141],"deployment":[142],"foundational":[145],"under":[147],"regulations.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-12-08T00:00:00"}