{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416985783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02159-z","title":"Deriving novel atrial fibrillation phenotypes using a tree-based artificial intelligence-enhanced electrocardiography approach","display_name":"Deriving novel atrial fibrillation phenotypes using a tree-based artificial intelligence-enhanced electrocardiography approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416985783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02159-z","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41345458"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02159-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02159-z","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-02159-z_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-02159-z_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085277076","display_name":"Mehak Gurnani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9228-2518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehak Gurnani","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027294886","display_name":"Konstantinos Patlatzoglou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5888-8490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Patlatzoglou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026692011","display_name":"Joseph Barker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5483-9608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153355300","display_name":"Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/056ffv270","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153355300"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Barker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK","National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153355300"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028320574","display_name":"Libor Pastika","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6892-6553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Libor Pastika","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093721144","display_name":"Boroumand Zeidaabadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0025-9896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boroumand Zeidaabadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003830346","display_name":"Ibrahim Antoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4374-7476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129041","display_name":"NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit","ror":"https://ror.org/03ke6rf22","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252","https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210129041"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166781","display_name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05xqxa525","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889","https://openalex.org/I153648349","https://openalex.org/I2802445252","https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210166781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Antoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leicester British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Leicester National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leicester British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Leicester National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166781","https://openalex.org/I4210129041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019173965","display_name":"Riyaz Somani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5162-3644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802040150","display_name":"Glenfield Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/048a96r61","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802040150","https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802445252","display_name":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/02fha3693","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129041","display_name":"NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit","ror":"https://ror.org/03ke6rf22","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252","https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210129041"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166781","display_name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05xqxa525","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889","https://openalex.org/I153648349","https://openalex.org/I2802445252","https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210166781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riyaz Somani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK","Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leicester British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Leicester National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252","https://openalex.org/I2802040150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leicester British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Leicester National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166781","https://openalex.org/I4210129041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012251524","display_name":"G. Andre Ng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802040150","display_name":"Glenfield Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/048a96r61","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802040150","https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802445252","display_name":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/02fha3693","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129041","display_name":"NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit","ror":"https://ror.org/03ke6rf22","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252","https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210129041"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166781","display_name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05xqxa525","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889","https://openalex.org/I153648349","https://openalex.org/I2802445252","https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210166781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Andre Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK","Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leicester British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Leicester National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Glenfield Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252","https://openalex.org/I2802040150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leicester British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Leicester National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166781","https://openalex.org/I4210129041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103231615","display_name":"Paolo Inglese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6179-9643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161592","display_name":"MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1n6x86","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161592","https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Inglese","raw_affiliation_strings":["MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161592","https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068739980","display_name":"Lara Curran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1260-3741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161592","display_name":"MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1n6x86","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161592","https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lara Curran","raw_affiliation_strings":["MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161592","https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068696789","display_name":"Declan P. O\u2019Regan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0691-0270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161592","display_name":"MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1n6x86","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161592","https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Declan O\u2019Regan","raw_affiliation_strings":["MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161592","https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090455006","display_name":"Nicholas S. Peters","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3581-8078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153355300","display_name":"Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/056ffv270","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153355300"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas S. Peters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK","National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153355300"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037659742","display_name":"Daniel Kramer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1284-4871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316535847","display_name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04drvxt59","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162526","display_name":"Deaconess Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05vtzqy31","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel B. Kramer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162526","https://openalex.org/I1316535847","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077968800","display_name":"Jonathan W. Waks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5560-5638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316535847","display_name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04drvxt59","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan W. Waks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard-Thorndike Electrophysiology Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard-Thorndike Electrophysiology Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316535847","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055242814","display_name":"Arunashis Sau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0204-7078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153355300","display_name":"Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/056ffv270","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153355300"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101049","display_name":"Lung Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/016978714","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101049"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arunashis Sau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK. arunashis.sau09@imperial.ac.uk","National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. arunashis.sau09@imperial.ac.uk","National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","Department of Cardiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK. arunashis.sau09@imperial.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153355300"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. arunashis.sau09@imperial.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101049","https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153355300"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075213080","display_name":"Fu Siong Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8681-4368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153355300","display_name":"Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/056ffv270","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153355300"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799869770","display_name":"Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/02gd18467","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799869770"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101049","display_name":"Lung Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/016978714","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101049"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fu Siong Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. f.ng@imperial.ac.uk","Department of Cardiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK. f.ng@imperial.ac.uk","National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. f.ng@imperial.ac.uk","Department of Cardiology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. f.ng@imperial.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799869770"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK. f.ng@imperial.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153355300"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. f.ng@imperial.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799869770"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":16,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075213080"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153355300","https://openalex.org/I2799869770","https://openalex.org/I4210101049"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":1.1168,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84677856,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"779","last_page":"779"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10065","display_name":"Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes","score":0.9180999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10065","display_name":"Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes","score":0.9180999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.05119999870657921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10217","display_name":"Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias","score":0.004999999888241291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atrial-fibrillation","display_name":"Atrial fibrillation","score":0.7469000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrocardiography","display_name":"Electrocardiography","score":0.4950999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paroxysmal-atrial-fibrillation","display_name":"Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation","score":0.4677000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohort","display_name":"Cohort","score":0.44369998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiac-arrhythmia","display_name":"Cardiac arrhythmia","score":0.44359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-failure","display_name":"Heart failure","score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.39489999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.39399999380111694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7807000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779161974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815819","display_name":"Atrial fibrillation","level":2,"score":0.7469000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.6933000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.6674000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780040984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79785","display_name":"Electrocardiography","level":2,"score":0.4950999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985986913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815819","display_name":"Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation","level":3,"score":0.4677000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.44369998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988455589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189331","display_name":"Cardiac arrhythmia","level":3,"score":0.44359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778198053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181754","display_name":"Heart failure","level":2,"score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.39489999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780074459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389735","display_name":"Heart disease","level":2,"score":0.36169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.3262999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775935837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202837","display_name":"Sudden cardiac death","level":2,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020646490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203551","display_name":"Clinical phenotype","level":4,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777356233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1001150","display_name":"Fibrillation","level":3,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10515644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543310","display_name":"Survival analysis","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50382708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223218","display_name":"Proportional hazards model","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777627335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6516936","display_name":"Left atrial enlargement","level":4,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02159-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02159-z","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-02159-z_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41345458","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41345458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8b487303abad4b25a1bbe25058e7c073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8b487303abad4b25a1bbe25058e7c073","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12722375","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12722375/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02159-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02159-z","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-02159-z_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1138586538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MC_UP_1605/13","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1487976185","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RE/18/4/34215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319992","funder_display_name":"British Heart Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2757046627","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FS/CRTF/21/24183","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319992","funder_display_name":"British Heart Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2759487863","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FS/CRTF/24/24624","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319992","funder_display_name":"British Heart Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G402563391","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RE/24/130023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319992","funder_display_name":"British Heart Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4166295763","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RG/19/6/34387","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319992","funder_display_name":"British Heart Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5331436775","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RG/17/3/32774","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319992","funder_display_name":"British Heart Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7227888905","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RE/18/4/34215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7953852530","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RE/24/130031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319992","funder_display_name":"British Heart Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8419847681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RG/F/22/110078","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319992","funder_display_name":"British Heart Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8685575625","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CH/P/23/80008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319992","funder_display_name":"British Heart Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319992","display_name":"British Heart Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02wdwnk04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416985783.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998083759","https://openalex.org/W2023008577","https://openalex.org/W2029761321","https://openalex.org/W2082704080","https://openalex.org/W2087365761","https://openalex.org/W2140141379","https://openalex.org/W2286228684","https://openalex.org/W2513430955","https://openalex.org/W2600838310","https://openalex.org/W2723723801","https://openalex.org/W2767707945","https://openalex.org/W2901226889","https://openalex.org/W2956028256","https://openalex.org/W3011104356","https://openalex.org/W3082307754","https://openalex.org/W3082794714","https://openalex.org/W3159826018","https://openalex.org/W3185819957","https://openalex.org/W3187003271","https://openalex.org/W3206453121","https://openalex.org/W4229444496","https://openalex.org/W4280546653","https://openalex.org/W4287578511","https://openalex.org/W4292322191","https://openalex.org/W4295429475","https://openalex.org/W4313470793","https://openalex.org/W4315628836","https://openalex.org/W4353081286","https://openalex.org/W4361267797","https://openalex.org/W4378977656","https://openalex.org/W4385209815","https://openalex.org/W4386209194","https://openalex.org/W4386648033","https://openalex.org/W4387300212","https://openalex.org/W4388487738","https://openalex.org/W4389090039","https://openalex.org/W4389166035","https://openalex.org/W4401108165","https://openalex.org/W4401629341","https://openalex.org/W4411427048"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Atrial":[0],"fibrillation":[1],"(AF)":[2],"is":[3],"classically":[4],"categorised":[5],"by":[6,63],"arrhythmia":[7],"duration,":[8],"but":[9],"these":[10],"subtypes":[11,140],"have":[12],"limitations":[13],"in":[14,109],"capturing":[15],"mechanistic":[16],"and":[17,57,87,106,111,132],"prognostic":[18],"diversity.":[19],"A":[20],"variational":[21],"autoencoder,":[22],"trained":[23],"on":[24,98],">1.1M":[25],"ECGs,":[26],"extracted":[27],"representative":[28],"features,":[29],"filtered":[30],"for":[31],"an":[32,44],"AF":[33,51,74,122,127,139],"cohort":[34],"of":[35],"20,291":[36],"unique":[37],"patients.":[38],"These":[39],"features":[40],"were":[41,67],"input":[42],"into":[43],"unsupervised":[45],"tree-based":[46],"clustering":[47],"method":[48],"to":[49],"map":[50],"heterogeneity":[52],"as":[53],"a":[54,142],"tree":[55,93],"structure":[56],"identify":[58],"phenogroups.":[59],"Five":[60],"phenogroups":[61,104],"stratified":[62],"future":[64],"disease":[65],"risk":[66,110],"identified:":[68],"(1)":[69],"higher-risk":[70,89],"AF;":[71,82,86],"(2)":[72],"highest-risk":[73],"with":[75,114,128,141],"heart":[76],"failure":[77],"(HF);":[78],"(3)":[79],"average":[80],"paroxysmal":[81,85,90],"(4)":[83],"lower-risk":[84],"(5)":[88],"AF.":[91],"The":[92],"trajectory":[94],"positioned":[95],"individuals":[96],"based":[97],"shared":[99],"traits,":[100],"emphasising":[101],"explainability.":[102],"Paroxysmal":[103],"4":[105],"5":[107,116],"differed":[108],"ventricular":[112],"structure,":[113],"phenogroup":[115,123],"exhibiting":[117],"more":[118],"adverse":[119],"features.":[120],"Mixed":[121],"2":[124],"reflected":[125],"advanced":[126],"greater":[129],"HF":[130],"burden":[131],"mortality":[133],"risk.":[134],"This":[135],"AI-ECG":[136],"framework":[137],"augments":[138],"risk-based":[143],"dimension,":[144],"supporting":[145],"personalised":[146],"care.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-12-04T00:00:00"}