{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416312374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02048-5","title":"AI and innovation in clinical trials","display_name":"AI and innovation in clinical trials","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416312374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02048-5","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41254234"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02048-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02048-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-02048-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-02048-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077105561","display_name":"Aarav Badani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4469-138X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aarav Badani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neuroscience, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neuroscience, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016682199","display_name":"F\u00e1bio Ynoe de Moraes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3407-9215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800753926","display_name":"Kingston General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03zq81960","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800753926"]}],"countries":["BR","CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Ynoe de Moraes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Oncology - Division of Radiation Oncology, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada","Department of Radiology and Oncology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oncology - Division of Radiation Oncology, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800753926","https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology and Oncology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038487968","display_name":"Philipp Kickingereder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6224-0064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17937529","display_name":"German Cancer Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04cdgtt98","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I17937529"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799391451","display_name":"University Hospital Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/01xnwqx93","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799391451"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Vollmuth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division for Computational Radiology and Clinical AI, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany","Division for Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division for Computational Radiology and Clinical AI, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799391451"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division for Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17937529","https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080459908","display_name":"Caroline Chung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9662-1519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343551460","display_name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04twxam07","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA","Institute for Data Science in Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Data Science in Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052388889","display_name":"Alireza Mansouri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82783531","display_name":"Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01h22ap11","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82783531"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Mansouri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA. amansouri@pennstatehealth.psu.edu","Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA. amansouri@pennstatehealth.psu.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA. amansouri@pennstatehealth.psu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82783531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA. amansouri@pennstatehealth.psu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82783531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077105561"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":4.7351,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95193072,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"683","last_page":"683"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.8644000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.8644000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.017500000074505806,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.013100000098347664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical trial","score":0.6786999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5655999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-design","display_name":"Research design","score":0.2831000089645386}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.6786999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5655999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37560001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153997805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42240","display_name":"Research ethics","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22467394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849359","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02048-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02048-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-02048-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41254234","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41254234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1d9140f54cad4142803dc71b71ec5828","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1d9140f54cad4142803dc71b71ec5828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-6 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11435417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12627430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02048-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02048-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-02048-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416312374.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416312374.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2025945038","https://openalex.org/W2345592718","https://openalex.org/W2763133656","https://openalex.org/W2767307339","https://openalex.org/W2786689981","https://openalex.org/W2791498037","https://openalex.org/W2910597635","https://openalex.org/W2988359971","https://openalex.org/W2999365564","https://openalex.org/W3001465925","https://openalex.org/W3003667836","https://openalex.org/W3010152544","https://openalex.org/W3087893815","https://openalex.org/W3091749330","https://openalex.org/W3136552952","https://openalex.org/W3140760072","https://openalex.org/W3201617077","https://openalex.org/W4221150762","https://openalex.org/W4225289781","https://openalex.org/W4280572991","https://openalex.org/W4285390111","https://openalex.org/W4306925993","https://openalex.org/W4377289493","https://openalex.org/W4379769651","https://openalex.org/W4385684421","https://openalex.org/W4386495603","https://openalex.org/W4387457231","https://openalex.org/W4387533560","https://openalex.org/W4393094536","https://openalex.org/W4393905415","https://openalex.org/W4395443406","https://openalex.org/W4396244070","https://openalex.org/W4400438459","https://openalex.org/W4400930259","https://openalex.org/W4402345273","https://openalex.org/W4403844673","https://openalex.org/W4404985578","https://openalex.org/W4405584294","https://openalex.org/W4406223923","https://openalex.org/W4406270307","https://openalex.org/W4406501618","https://openalex.org/W4408284313","https://openalex.org/W4408580631","https://openalex.org/W4409358310","https://openalex.org/W6948601341"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Clinical":[0],"trials":[1],"face":[2],"persistent":[3],"challenges":[4],"in":[5,45],"cost,":[6],"enrollment,":[7],"and":[8,24,32,44,51,66],"generalizability.":[9],"This":[10],"perspective":[11],"examines":[12],"how":[13],"artificial":[14],"intelligence":[15],"(AI),":[16],"large":[17],"language":[18],"models":[19],"(LLMs),":[20],"adaptive":[21],"trial":[22,30],"designs,":[23],"digital":[25],"twins":[26],"(DTs)":[27],"can":[28],"modernize":[29],"design":[31],"execution.":[33],"We":[34],"detail":[35],"AI-driven":[36],"eligibility":[37],"optimization,":[38],"reinforcement":[39],"learning":[40],"for":[41,59],"real-time":[42],"adaptation,":[43],"silico":[46],"DT":[47],"modeling.":[48],"Methodological,":[49],"regulatory,":[50],"ethical":[52],"hurdles":[53],"are":[54],"addressed,":[55],"emphasizing":[56],"the":[57],"need":[58],"validated,":[60],"scalable":[61],"frameworks":[62],"to":[63],"enable":[64],"responsible":[65],"widespread":[67],"integration.":[68]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-11-18T00:00:00"}