{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413288733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01941-3","title":"Incorporating large language models as clinical decision support in oncology: the Woollie model","display_name":"Incorporating large language models as clinical decision support in oncology: the Woollie model","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413288733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01941-3","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40825846"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01941-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01941-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01941-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01941-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074013663","display_name":"Kimia Heydari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2333-2983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kimia Heydari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. kimiaheydari@hms.harvard.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. kimiaheydari@hms.harvard.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009375812","display_name":"Elizabeth J. Enichen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0752-5390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth J. Enichen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024533924","display_name":"Ben Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6577-1872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","Temerty Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Education in Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temerty Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Education in Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059808008","display_name":"Joseph C. Kvedar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7517-2291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph C. Kvedar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074013663"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":{"value":3590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3590},"apc_paid":{"value":3590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3590},"fwci":4.5288,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95346372,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"529","last_page":"529"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9757999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-decision-making","display_name":"Clinical decision making","score":0.4773397743701935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.4116378426551819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oncology","display_name":"Oncology","score":0.40935176610946655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.3799073398113251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35075142979621887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.34357526898384094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensive-care-medicine","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","score":0.29125404357910156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989179672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6806500","display_name":"Clinical decision making","level":2,"score":0.4773397743701935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4116378426551819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.40935176610946655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3799073398113251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35075142979621887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.34357526898384094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.29125404357910156}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01941-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01941-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01941-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40825846","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40825846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12361469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12361469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:458b0de4ed144c24aa840fbfabfdfc53","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/458b0de4ed144c24aa840fbfabfdfc53","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-2 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01941-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01941-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01941-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413288733.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413288733.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037979274","https://openalex.org/W3174989095","https://openalex.org/W4213261164","https://openalex.org/W4225816390","https://openalex.org/W4228999245","https://openalex.org/W4386117070","https://openalex.org/W4386932783","https://openalex.org/W4396553888","https://openalex.org/W4406152279","https://openalex.org/W4407028552","https://openalex.org/W4411919356","https://openalex.org/W4412021130"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3031052312","https://openalex.org/W4389568370","https://openalex.org/W3032375762","https://openalex.org/W1995515455","https://openalex.org/W2080531066","https://openalex.org/W3108674512","https://openalex.org/W1506200166","https://openalex.org/W1489783725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"effectiveness":[1],"of":[2,79,93,102],"oncology":[3,71,105],"treatments":[4],"depends":[5],"on":[6],"how":[7],"cancer":[8],"responds,":[9],"as":[10,49],"observed":[11],"through":[12],"radiological":[13],"or":[14],"pathological":[15],"assessments.":[16],"Tracking":[17],"tumor":[18,81],"regression":[19],"in":[20,52,70,96,104],"response":[21],"to":[22,60,90],"chemotherapy":[23],"via":[24],"serial":[25],"radiologic":[26],"imaging":[27],"is":[28],"critical":[29],"for":[30],"assessing":[31],"treatment":[32],"efficacy":[33],"and":[34,54,62,76,86],"guiding":[35],"ongoing":[36],"clinical":[37,97],"management":[38],"1":[39],".":[40,73,107],"However,":[41],"these":[42],"important":[43],"data":[44,51],"points":[45],"are":[46],"frequently":[47],"documented":[48],"real-world":[50],"non-standardized":[53,75],"unstructured":[55,77],"formats,":[56],"making":[57],"them":[58],"difficult":[59],"access":[61],"interpret\u2014especially":[63],"when":[64],"leveraging":[65],"Large":[66],"Language":[67],"Models":[68],"(LLMs)":[69],"2":[72],"Besides":[74],"formats":[78],"documenting":[80],"progression,":[82],"subspecialty":[83],"knowledge":[84],"barriers":[85],"privacy":[87],"concerns":[88],"related":[89],"the":[91,100],"deployment":[92],"closed-source":[94],"LLMs":[95,103],"settings":[98],"complicate":[99],"integration":[101],"3":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
