{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412492683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01867-w","title":"Commercialization of medical artificial intelligence technologies: challenges and opportunities","display_name":"Commercialization of medical artificial intelligence technologies: challenges and opportunities","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412492683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01867-w","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40676253"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01867-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01867-w","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01867-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01867-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355584","display_name":"Ben Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7191-1034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","Temerty Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Education in Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temerty Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Education in Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034401148","display_name":"Dylan Powell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1233-5468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12093191","display_name":"University of Stirling","ror":"https://ror.org/045wgfr59","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dylan Powell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Health Sciences & Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Health Sciences & Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061765027","display_name":"Regent Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8621-5165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801809904","display_name":"Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/0036ate90","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801809904","https://openalex.org/I4210147381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147381","display_name":"Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/03h2bh287","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147381"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Regent Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Vascular Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK. regent.lee@nds.ox.ac.uk","Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. regent.lee@nds.ox.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK. regent.lee@nds.ox.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. regent.lee@nds.ox.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801809904","https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061765027"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801809904","https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I4210147381"],"apc_list":{"value":3590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3590},"apc_paid":{"value":3590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3590},"fwci":2.3277,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88684913,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"454","last_page":"454"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10983","display_name":"Aortic aneurysm repair treatments","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10983","display_name":"Aortic aneurysm repair treatments","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11930","display_name":"Cardiac, Anesthesia and Surgical Outcomes","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commercialization","display_name":"Commercialization","score":0.9087338447570801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37274444103240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3656427264213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3374188542366028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2802667021751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.07657197117805481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780625559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5152592","display_name":"Commercialization","level":2,"score":0.9087338447570801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37274444103240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3656427264213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3374188542366028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2802667021751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.07657197117805481}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01867-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01867-w","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01867-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40676253","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40676253","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c7ca16c19ad843faabf07bc8cb5a3cf7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c7ca16c19ad843faabf07bc8cb5a3cf7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-4 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12271346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12271346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01867-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01867-w","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01867-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412492683.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412492683.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001336177","https://openalex.org/W2115815701","https://openalex.org/W2776247479","https://openalex.org/W2995034229","https://openalex.org/W3093377833","https://openalex.org/W3108919424","https://openalex.org/W3133643868","https://openalex.org/W3186209406","https://openalex.org/W3203487754","https://openalex.org/W4210641721","https://openalex.org/W4210827862","https://openalex.org/W4220914533","https://openalex.org/W4221068582","https://openalex.org/W4225755415","https://openalex.org/W4242760118","https://openalex.org/W4280516220","https://openalex.org/W4281706229","https://openalex.org/W4285184758","https://openalex.org/W4298087738","https://openalex.org/W4310542497","https://openalex.org/W4311888219","https://openalex.org/W4312140747","https://openalex.org/W4381847875","https://openalex.org/W4387340031","https://openalex.org/W4388525108","https://openalex.org/W4390118019","https://openalex.org/W4390535718","https://openalex.org/W4391556858","https://openalex.org/W4393222530","https://openalex.org/W4402114648","https://openalex.org/W4402382543","https://openalex.org/W4403107901","https://openalex.org/W4403427551","https://openalex.org/W4404090175","https://openalex.org/W4408453227","https://openalex.org/W4409411627"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4386136016","https://openalex.org/W4207047620","https://openalex.org/W2590904087","https://openalex.org/W2064673031","https://openalex.org/W2221356301","https://openalex.org/W4391185405","https://openalex.org/W4234093800"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"technologies":[3,273],"are":[4,66,142,170,181],"already":[5],"having":[6],"significant":[7,44],"impacts":[8],"in":[9,20,158],"healthcare":[10],"1":[11],".":[12,63,87,106,161,174,213,229,247],"For":[13,175],"example,":[14,176],"AI-guided":[15],"imaging":[16,75,121,231],"has":[17],"shown":[18],"promise":[19],"the":[21,109,190,264],"management":[22],"of":[23,112,192,198],"vascular":[24,70,120,168],"diseases,":[25],"including":[26,77,196],"carotid,":[27],"aortic,":[28],"and":[29,41,55,82,95,102,132,201,238,262,267],"peripheral":[30],"artery":[31],"disease,":[32],"which":[33,154,221],"collectively":[34],"affect":[35],"over":[36],"200":[37],"million":[38],"individuals":[39],"globally":[40],"lead":[42],"to":[43,47,128,147,226,234,244,274],"mortality/morbidity":[45],"related":[46],"catastrophic":[48],"complications":[49],"such":[50,90],"as":[51,91],"aneurysm":[52],"rupture,":[53,220],"stroke,":[54],"limb":[56],"loss":[57],"2":[58],",":[59,61],"3":[60],"4":[62],"These":[64],"diseases":[65,169],"typically":[67],"managed":[68],"by":[69],"specialists":[71],"who":[72],"rely":[73],"on":[74,185],"modalities":[76],"ultrasound,":[78],"computed":[79],"tomography":[80],"(CT),":[81],"fluoroscopy":[83],"for":[84,208,259],"diagnosis/treatment":[85],"5":[86,105],"Recent":[88],"advancements,":[89],"three-dimensional":[92],"reconstruction":[93],"software":[94],"fluoroscopic":[96],"roadmaps,":[97],"have":[98],"transformed":[99],"pre-operative":[100],"planning":[101],"intra-operative":[103],"guidance":[104],"However,":[107],"despite":[108,209],"growing":[110],"availability":[111],"AI":[113,140,272],"tools,":[114],"their":[115,156],"integration":[116],"into":[117],"routine":[118],"diagnostic":[119],"remains":[122],"limited.":[123],"This":[124,162],"is":[125,163],"largely":[126],"due":[127],"persistent":[129],"financial,":[130],"regulatory,":[131],"implementation":[133],"challenges":[134,266],"that":[135,167],"impede":[136],"clinical":[137,277],"translation.":[138],"Many":[139],"solutions":[141],"developed":[143,255],"without":[144],"adequate":[145],"alignment":[146],"regulatory":[148],"pathways":[149],"or":[150],"quality":[151],"assurance":[152],"frameworks,":[153],"hinders":[155],"adoption":[157],"practice":[159],"6":[160],"particularly":[164],"concerning":[165],"given":[166],"frequently":[171],"underdiagnosed":[172],"7":[173],"abdominal":[177,194],"aortic":[178],"aneurysms":[179],"(AAA)":[180],"often":[182],"captured":[183],"incidentally":[184],"medical":[186],"images":[187],"obtained":[188],"during":[189],"investigation":[191],"other":[193],"concerns,":[195],"assessment":[197],"liver,":[199],"gallbladder,":[200],"kidney":[202],"conditions,":[203],"rather":[204],"than":[205],"actively":[206],"screened":[207],"guideline":[210],"recommendations":[211],"8":[212],"Consequently,":[214],"many":[215],"AAA\u2019s":[216],"remain":[217],"undetected":[218],"until":[219],"carry":[222],"mortality":[223],"rates":[224],"up":[225],"80%":[227],"9":[228],"AI-enhanced":[230],"holds":[232],"potential":[233],"increase":[235],"screening":[236,261],"uptake":[237],"facilitate":[239],"timely,":[240],"elective":[241],"intervention":[242],"prior":[243],"rupture":[245],"10":[246],"In":[248],"this":[249],"article,":[250],"we":[251],"examine":[252],"a":[253],"recently":[254],"deep":[256],"learning":[257],"algorithm":[258],"AAA":[260],"explore":[263],"broader":[265],"opportunities":[268],"associated":[269],"with":[270],"commercializing":[271],"deliver":[275],"tangible":[276],"impact.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
