{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411918684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01759-z","title":"Generative artificial intelligence for fundus fluorescein angiography interpretation and human expert evaluation","display_name":"Generative artificial intelligence for fundus fluorescein angiography interpretation and human expert evaluation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411918684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01759-z","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40603524"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01759-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01759-z","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01759-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01759-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101604630","display_name":"An Shao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1795-4877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158318","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059cjpv64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"An Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101474765","display_name":"Xiaocong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5323-2954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146620803","display_name":"Wenzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hxh324","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaocong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices and TIDRI, Hangzhou, China, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices and TIDRI, Hangzhou, China, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040164371","display_name":"Wenyue Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1352-9419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158318","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059cjpv64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyue Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101784857","display_name":"Yingyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3081-8068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158318","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059cjpv64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113152022","display_name":"Hongkang Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158318","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059cjpv64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongkang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026280706","display_name":"Xiangji Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158318","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059cjpv64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangji Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004549596","display_name":"Zhaorong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4414-1545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55538621","display_name":"China Jiliang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v1y0t93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55538621"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zexin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Economics and Management, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Economics and Management, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55538621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001925706","display_name":"Yufeng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3672-1227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158318","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059cjpv64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufeng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050728951","display_name":"Tiepei Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2547-2552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158318","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059cjpv64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiepei Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100319007","display_name":"Yao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7258-6093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158318","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059cjpv64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103946945","display_name":"Jie Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8296-3617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085096438","display_name":"Yih Chung Tham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6752-797X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799299286","display_name":"Singapore National Eye Center","ror":"https://ror.org/029nvrb94","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116917","display_name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02crz6e12","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116917"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yih Chung Tham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore","Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore","Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286","https://openalex.org/I4210116917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071068569","display_name":"Jian Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3230-6392"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices and TIDRI, Hangzhou, China, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou, China. wujian2000@zju.edu.cn"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices and TIDRI, Hangzhou, China, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou, China. wujian2000@zju.edu.cn","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016183535","display_name":"Kai Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4369-2417"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China. jinkai@zju.edu.cn"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China. jinkai@zju.edu.cn","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100682480","display_name":"Juan Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1948-2500"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China. yejuan@zju.edu.cn"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, China. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology. Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases. Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, China. yejuan@zju.edu.cn","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101604630"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":8.6965,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97938619,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"396","last_page":"396"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12599","display_name":"Retinal and Optic Conditions","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10227","display_name":"Acute Ischemic Stroke Management","score":0.9749000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.6007019877433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.558400571346283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5412151217460632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.5386486053466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluorescein-angiography","display_name":"Fluorescein angiography","score":0.5126887559890747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5063940286636353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus-fluorescein-angiography","display_name":"Fundus fluorescein angiography","score":0.45865345001220703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.33383822441101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.26069170236587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.1581103503704071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal","display_name":"Retinal","score":0.07218334078788757}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6007019877433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.558400571346283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5412151217460632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.5386486053466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780248432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434206","display_name":"Fluorescein angiography","level":3,"score":0.5126887559890747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5063940286636353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908587252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434206","display_name":"Fundus fluorescein angiography","level":4,"score":0.45865345001220703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.33383822441101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.26069170236587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.1581103503704071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.07218334078788757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01759-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01759-z","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01759-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40603524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40603524","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5885e8e747de4ec899ce3214ba199115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5885e8e747de4ec899ce3214ba199115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12222453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12222453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01759-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01759-z","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01759-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1083066802","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"82201195","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1171264001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"82330032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2800254796","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A2038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6236315842","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A20386","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8354695146","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201195","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411918684.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411918684.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2057203552","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2304562840","https://openalex.org/W2954850454","https://openalex.org/W3087702805","https://openalex.org/W3104609094","https://openalex.org/W3159609272","https://openalex.org/W3206556423","https://openalex.org/W4206896861","https://openalex.org/W4285108627","https://openalex.org/W4292858576","https://openalex.org/W4293802305","https://openalex.org/W4297476735","https://openalex.org/W4304084022","https://openalex.org/W4312762144","https://openalex.org/W4315475716","https://openalex.org/W4319460771","https://openalex.org/W4360604432","https://openalex.org/W4386305288","https://openalex.org/W4386865118","https://openalex.org/W4387357807","https://openalex.org/W4389182159","https://openalex.org/W4389720626","https://openalex.org/W4390919221","https://openalex.org/W4391991419","https://openalex.org/W4392984569","https://openalex.org/W4396494945","https://openalex.org/W4396605652","https://openalex.org/W4399567248","https://openalex.org/W4402220065","https://openalex.org/W4407841066"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3032366009","https://openalex.org/W2372642504","https://openalex.org/W2362722456","https://openalex.org/W2358105712","https://openalex.org/W3016198723","https://openalex.org/W2384810381","https://openalex.org/W2381154984","https://openalex.org/W4392593665","https://openalex.org/W2368477184","https://openalex.org/W2008208597"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fundus":[0],"fluorescein":[1],"angiography":[2],"(FFA)":[3],"is":[4],"the":[5,91],"gold":[6],"standard":[7],"for":[8,147],"diagnosing":[9],"chorioretinal":[10],"diseases,":[11],"but":[12],"its":[13],"interpretation":[14,31],"requires":[15],"significant":[16],"expertise":[17],"and":[18,35,65,82,111,143],"time.":[19],"Despite":[20],"generative":[21],"AI's":[22],"enormous":[23],"potential":[24],"in":[25,53],"medical":[26],"report":[27,55,83],"generation,":[28],"automatic":[29],"FFA":[30,54,84],"lacks":[32],"robust":[33],"models":[34],"sufficient":[36],"evaluation":[37],"metrics.":[38],"This":[39],"study":[40],"introduces":[41],"InterpreFFA,":[42],"a":[43,72,96,141],"diagnosis-supervised":[44],"contrastive":[45],"learning":[46],"framework,":[47],"to":[48,68,80,106,116,139],"emulate":[49],"ophthalmologists'":[50],"decision-making":[51],"process":[52],"generation.":[56],"Validated":[57],"on":[58,95],"multi-center":[59],"datasets,":[60],"InterpreFFA":[61,79,100,137],"demonstrated":[62],"superior":[63],"performance":[64],"generalization":[66],"compared":[67],"baseline":[69],"models.":[70],"In":[71],"simulated":[73],"clinical":[74,149],"setting,":[75],"two":[76],"residents":[77],"used":[78],"diagnose":[81],"cases,":[85],"with":[86],"six":[87],"board-certified":[88],"ophthalmologists":[89],"rating":[90],"generated":[92],"reports":[93,124,130],"based":[94],"five-point":[97],"Likert":[98],"scale.":[99],"significantly":[101],"improved":[102],"diagnostic":[103],"accuracy":[104],"(85.55":[105],"90.34%,":[107],"p":[108,119,134],"<":[109,120,135],"0.05)":[110],"shortened":[112],"reporting":[113],"time":[114],"(153.93":[115],"108.08":[117],"s,":[118],"0.001).":[121],"Although":[122],"AI-generated":[123],"scored":[125],"slightly":[126],"lower":[127],"than":[128],"manual":[129],"(4.12":[131],"vs.":[132],"4.38,":[133],"0.01),":[136],"proves":[138],"be":[140],"promising":[142],"cost-effective":[144],"ancillary":[145],"tool":[146],"enhancing":[148],"efficiency.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}