{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408818117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01566-6","title":"Accuracy of online symptom assessment applications, large language models, and laypeople for self\u2013triage decisions","display_name":"Accuracy of online symptom assessment applications, large language models, and laypeople for self\u2013triage decisions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408818117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01566-6","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40133390"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01566-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01566-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01566-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01566-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052844168","display_name":"Marvin Kopka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3848-1471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marvin Kopka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Ergonomics, Department of Psychology and Ergonomics (IPA), Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany. marvin.kopka@tu-berlin.de","Division of Ergonomics, Department of Psychology and Ergonomics (IPA), Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Ergonomics, Department of Psychology and Ergonomics (IPA), Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany. marvin.kopka@tu-berlin.de","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Ergonomics, Department of Psychology and Ergonomics (IPA), Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006238877","display_name":"Niklas von Kalckreuth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9165-682X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niklas von Kalckreuth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Ergonomics, Department of Psychology and Ergonomics (IPA), Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Ergonomics, Department of Psychology and Ergonomics (IPA), Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049204500","display_name":"Markus A. Feufel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0563-8831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus A. Feufel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Ergonomics, Department of Psychology and Ergonomics (IPA), Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Ergonomics, Department of Psychology and Ergonomics (IPA), Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052844168"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":11.1664,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9839117,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"178","last_page":"178"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11095","display_name":"Emergency and Acute Care Studies","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12296","display_name":"Autopsy Techniques and Outcomes","score":0.9710000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triage","display_name":"Triage","score":0.9022618532180786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.7151602506637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.40682172775268555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3608107566833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-emergency","display_name":"Medical emergency","score":0.27340441942214966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.21854230761528015}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777120189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780067","display_name":"Triage","level":2,"score":0.9022618532180786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.7151602506637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.40682172775268555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3608107566833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.27340441942214966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.21854230761528015}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01566-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01566-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01566-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40133390","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40133390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.14279/depositonce-25268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5eff9665f05e44d58102eb97df6cc3ba","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5eff9665f05e44d58102eb97df6cc3ba","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-14 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11937345","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11937345","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01566-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01566-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01566-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408818117.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W172260869","https://openalex.org/W1973269051","https://openalex.org/W1975411855","https://openalex.org/W2015977291","https://openalex.org/W2075868432","https://openalex.org/W2107638293","https://openalex.org/W2123259661","https://openalex.org/W2126620309","https://openalex.org/W2171284331","https://openalex.org/W2811338509","https://openalex.org/W2940426683","https://openalex.org/W2965593496","https://openalex.org/W3023828099","https://openalex.org/W3041505649","https://openalex.org/W3089650935","https://openalex.org/W3095102699","https://openalex.org/W3096722960","https://openalex.org/W3109148626","https://openalex.org/W3112185662","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3126060205","https://openalex.org/W3144543375","https://openalex.org/W3149925369","https://openalex.org/W3151828406","https://openalex.org/W3182482959","https://openalex.org/W3188600176","https://openalex.org/W3189986168","https://openalex.org/W3195147760","https://openalex.org/W3205619402","https://openalex.org/W3206225704","https://openalex.org/W3212889536","https://openalex.org/W3215991458","https://openalex.org/W4200166848","https://openalex.org/W4210812846","https://openalex.org/W4225287880","https://openalex.org/W4226083953","https://openalex.org/W4281395694","https://openalex.org/W4285098993","https://openalex.org/W4292054212","https://openalex.org/W4292133578","https://openalex.org/W4296784194","https://openalex.org/W4307493403","https://openalex.org/W4313451803","https://openalex.org/W4313641534","https://openalex.org/W4317905761","https://openalex.org/W4318765555","https://openalex.org/W4319454867","https://openalex.org/W4319662928","https://openalex.org/W4364862404","https://openalex.org/W4368282474","https://openalex.org/W4368372176","https://openalex.org/W4375850424","https://openalex.org/W4380570828","https://openalex.org/W4384561707","https://openalex.org/W4386026470","https://openalex.org/W4386172820","https://openalex.org/W4386845850","https://openalex.org/W4388237833","https://openalex.org/W4389287864","https://openalex.org/W4390535718","https://openalex.org/W4391138912","https://openalex.org/W4392398158","https://openalex.org/W4394731580","https://openalex.org/W4395073852","https://openalex.org/W4398202924","https://openalex.org/W4399701665","https://openalex.org/W4399887162","https://openalex.org/W4400865584","https://openalex.org/W4403087472","https://openalex.org/W4405701499","https://openalex.org/W4406813584","https://openalex.org/W6854308750"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3031052312","https://openalex.org/W4389568370","https://openalex.org/W3032375762","https://openalex.org/W1995515455","https://openalex.org/W2080531066","https://openalex.org/W3108674512","https://openalex.org/W1506200166"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Symptom-Assessment":[0],"Application":[1],"(SAAs,":[2],"e.g.,":[3],"NHS":[4],"111":[5],"online)":[6],"that":[7,129],"assist":[8],"laypeople":[9,101],"in":[10],"deciding":[11],"if":[12],"and":[13,22,42,51,63,65,80,100,141],"where":[14],"to":[15,68],"seek":[16],"care":[17],"(self-triage)":[18],"are":[19,27],"gaining":[20],"popularity":[21],"Large":[23],"Language":[24],"Models":[25],"(LLMs)":[26],"increasingly":[28],"used":[29],"too.":[30],"However,":[31],"there":[32],"is":[33],"no":[34,43],"evidence":[35],"synthesis":[36],"on":[37,109,136],"the":[38,47,57,69,95,110,113,137],"accuracy":[39,48,59,70,85,96],"of":[40,49,60,71,75,86,97,115],"LLMs,":[41],"review":[44,55],"has":[45],"contextualized":[46],"SAAs":[50,62,87,116],"LLMs.":[52],"This":[53],"systematic":[54],"evaluates":[56],"self-triage":[58,84],"both":[61],"LLMs":[64,98,118],"compares":[66],"them":[67],"laypeople.":[72],"A":[73],"total":[74],"1549":[76],"studies":[77],"were":[78],"screened":[79],"19":[81],"included.":[82],"The":[83],"was":[88,103],"moderate":[89,104],"but":[90],"highly":[91],"variable":[92],"(11.5-90.0%),":[93],"while":[94],"(57.8-76.0%)":[99],"(47.3-62.4%)":[102],"with":[105],"low":[106],"variability.":[107],"Based":[108],"available":[111],"evidence,":[112],"use":[114,139],"or":[117],"should":[119,132],"neither":[120],"be":[121,133],"universally":[122],"recommended":[123],"nor":[124],"discouraged;":[125],"rather,":[126],"we":[127],"suggest":[128],"their":[130],"utility":[131],"assessed":[134],"based":[135],"specific":[138],"case":[140],"user":[142],"group":[143],"under":[144],"consideration.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}