{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408967642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01565-7","title":"A scoping review on generative AI and large language models in mitigating medication related harm","display_name":"A scoping review on generative AI and large language models in mitigating medication related harm","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408967642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01565-7","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40155703"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01565-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01565-7","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01565-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01565-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012027620","display_name":"Jasmine Chiat Ling Ong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6916-5960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251586001","display_name":"Singapore General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/036j6sg82","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126319","display_name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/02j1m6098","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}],"countries":["SG","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jasmine Chiat Ling Ong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA","Division of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore","Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082176299","display_name":"Michael Hao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1201-5245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126319","display_name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/02j1m6098","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Hao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109786257","display_name":"Ning Ng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157582758","display_name":"SingHealth","ror":"https://ror.org/04me94w47","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157582758"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Office, Singapore Health Services, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Office, Singapore Health Services, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157582758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073732346","display_name":"Kabilan Elangovan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7711-7368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157582758","display_name":"SingHealth","ror":"https://ror.org/04me94w47","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157582758"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799299286","display_name":"Singapore National Eye Center","ror":"https://ror.org/029nvrb94","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116917","display_name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02crz6e12","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116917"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kabilan Elangovan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Office, Singapore Health Services, Singapore, Singapore","Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Office, Singapore Health Services, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157582758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286","https://openalex.org/I4210116917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092550773","display_name":"Nichole Yue Ting Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3232-9233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126319","display_name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/02j1m6098","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nichole Yue Ting Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101303176","display_name":"Liyuan Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6738-1424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799299286","display_name":"Singapore National Eye Center","ror":"https://ror.org/029nvrb94","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116917","display_name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02crz6e12","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116917"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126319","display_name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/02j1m6098","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liyuan Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286","https://openalex.org/I4210116917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002233209","display_name":"Qihuang Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qihuang Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032625133","display_name":"Daniel Shu Wei Ting","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2264-7174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157582758","display_name":"SingHealth","ror":"https://ror.org/04me94w47","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157582758"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799299286","display_name":"Singapore National Eye Center","ror":"https://ror.org/029nvrb94","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116917","display_name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02crz6e12","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116917"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134607","display_name":"The California Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03vk7h897","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134607"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161109","display_name":"Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute","ror":null,"country_code":"US","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161109"]}],"countries":["SG","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Shu Wei Ting","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Office, Singapore Health Services, Singapore, Singapore","Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, California, CA, USA","Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Office, Singapore Health Services, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157582758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, California, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161109","https://openalex.org/I4210134607"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286","https://openalex.org/I4210116917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082898543","display_name":"Rosa Rodr\u00edguez-Mongui\u00f3","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5526-9395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rosa Rodriguez-Monguio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA","Medication Outcomes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medication Outcomes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242","https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036110536","display_name":"David W. Bates","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6268-1540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David W. Bates","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of General Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100367554","display_name":"Nan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3610-4883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126319","display_name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/02j1m6098","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg","NUS AI Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg","Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg","Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","NUS AI Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUS AI Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUS AI Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100367554"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I4210126319"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":31.1681,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99930151,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"182","last_page":"182"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11943","display_name":"Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11943","display_name":"Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm","display_name":"Harm","score":0.755570650100708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.6850345134735107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacovigilance","display_name":"Pharmacovigilance","score":0.663792610168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5731232166290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5599030256271362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inclusion","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","score":0.49747493863105774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.45586562156677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3535984456539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug","display_name":"Drug","score":0.3059544563293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3022136688232422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.27439409494400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacology","display_name":"Pharmacology","score":0.22128495573997498}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.755570650100708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6850345134735107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57658597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550789","display_name":"Pharmacovigilance","level":3,"score":0.663792610168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5731232166290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5599030256271362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.49747493863105774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.45586562156677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3535984456539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.3059544563293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3022136688232422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27439409494400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.22128495573997498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01565-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01565-7","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01565-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40155703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40155703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:69cb05bff04a40e9bd3e6b4f28cfa2ba","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/69cb05bff04a40e9bd3e6b4f28cfa2ba","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-8 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:10764168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11953325","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01565-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01565-7","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01565-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316262","display_name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/02j1m6098"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408967642.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994734967","https://openalex.org/W2014738583","https://openalex.org/W2098702751","https://openalex.org/W2144578941","https://openalex.org/W2346452181","https://openalex.org/W2475257789","https://openalex.org/W2560438049","https://openalex.org/W2801322919","https://openalex.org/W2891378911","https://openalex.org/W3044626901","https://openalex.org/W3083804794","https://openalex.org/W3138676254","https://openalex.org/W3173256172","https://openalex.org/W3195865364","https://openalex.org/W3196221712","https://openalex.org/W3197173171","https://openalex.org/W3207851666","https://openalex.org/W3212714602","https://openalex.org/W3213998394","https://openalex.org/W3217124584","https://openalex.org/W4226052313","https://openalex.org/W4280572991","https://openalex.org/W4281635259","https://openalex.org/W4288455572","https://openalex.org/W4288690436","https://openalex.org/W4291008260","https://openalex.org/W4294000988","https://openalex.org/W4306247857","https://openalex.org/W4308559981","https://openalex.org/W4310332460","https://openalex.org/W4327715333","https://openalex.org/W4365143687","https://openalex.org/W4385227045","https://openalex.org/W4385751461","https://openalex.org/W4386046428","https://openalex.org/W4386158333","https://openalex.org/W4386567003","https://openalex.org/W4386894187","https://openalex.org/W4387970096","https://openalex.org/W4388093641","https://openalex.org/W4388214052","https://openalex.org/W4388583442","https://openalex.org/W4389274313","https://openalex.org/W4389543624","https://openalex.org/W4389917881","https://openalex.org/W4391221150","https://openalex.org/W4391345367","https://openalex.org/W4391534191","https://openalex.org/W4391539371","https://openalex.org/W4391591663","https://openalex.org/W4391620737","https://openalex.org/W4392044798","https://openalex.org/W4392193048","https://openalex.org/W4392296265","https://openalex.org/W4392765636","https://openalex.org/W4394596461","https://openalex.org/W4394857110","https://openalex.org/W4394920988","https://openalex.org/W4395050972","https://openalex.org/W4395453679","https://openalex.org/W4396941142","https://openalex.org/W4397021297","https://openalex.org/W4399118586","https://openalex.org/W4401053965","https://openalex.org/W4401664916","https://openalex.org/W4401834769","https://openalex.org/W4402400689","https://openalex.org/W4402564190","https://openalex.org/W4403601954","https://openalex.org/W4403813762","https://openalex.org/W6843462205"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2125179413","https://openalex.org/W2719570687","https://openalex.org/W2894377005","https://openalex.org/W2066240751","https://openalex.org/W3120767282","https://openalex.org/W3128299827","https://openalex.org/W2898439368","https://openalex.org/W2181320814","https://openalex.org/W3105953293","https://openalex.org/W2328148312"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Medication-related":[0],"harm":[1],"has":[2],"a":[3,25,137],"significant":[4],"impact":[5],"on":[6],"global":[7],"healthcare":[8],"costs":[9],"and":[10,17,39,43,71,84,95,100,105,123,144],"patient":[11],"outcomes.":[12],"Generative":[13,82],"artificial":[14],"intelligence":[15],"(GenAI)":[16],"large":[18],"language":[19],"models":[20,109,134],"(LLM)":[21],"have":[22],"emerged":[23],"as":[24],"promising":[26],"tool":[27],"in":[28,45,88,115],"mitigating":[29],"risks":[30],"of":[31,41,66,107,119],"medication-related":[32,47],"harm.":[33,48],"This":[34],"review":[35],"evaluates":[36],"the":[37,74,79,103],"scope":[38],"effectiveness":[40],"GenAI":[42],"LLM":[44],"reducing":[46],"We":[49],"screened":[50],"4":[51],"databases":[52],"for":[53,76,126,139],"literature":[54],"published":[55],"from":[56],"1st":[57],"January":[58],"2012":[59],"to":[60],"15th":[61],"October":[62],"2024.":[63],"A":[64],"total":[65],"3988":[67],"articles":[68],"were":[69,86],"identified,":[70],"30":[72],"met":[73],"criteria":[75],"inclusion":[77],"into":[78,142],"final":[80],"review.":[81],"AI":[83],"LLMs":[85],"applied":[87],"three":[89],"key":[90],"applications:":[91],"drug-drug":[92],"interaction":[93],"identification":[94],"prediction,":[96],"clinical":[97],"decision":[98],"support,":[99],"pharmacovigilance.":[101],"While":[102],"performance":[104],"utility":[106],"these":[108,133],"varied,":[110],"they":[111],"generally":[112],"showed":[113],"promise":[114],"early":[116],"identification,":[117],"classification":[118],"adverse":[120],"drug":[121],"events,":[122],"supporting":[124],"decision-making":[125],"medication":[127],"management.":[128],"However,":[129],"no":[130],"studies":[131],"tested":[132],"prospectively,":[135],"suggesting":[136],"need":[138],"further":[140],"investigation":[141],"integration":[143],"real-world":[145],"application.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19}],"updated_date":"2026-03-31T07:56:22.981413","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
