{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408079334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01528-y","title":"Developing a named entity framework for thyroid cancer staging and risk level classification using large language models","display_name":"Developing a named entity framework for thyroid cancer staging and risk level classification using large language models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408079334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01528-y","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40025285"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01528-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01528-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01528-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01528-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003532193","display_name":"Matrix Man Him Fung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2812-0616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matrix M. H. Fung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048766394","display_name":"Eric Ho Man Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4196-8686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric H. M. Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100447763","display_name":"Tingting Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3437-8899"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingting Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013304396","display_name":"Yan Luk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0164-5260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Luk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045925648","display_name":"Ivan Chi Ho Au","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5904-8322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan C. H. Au","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100374804","display_name":"Xiaodong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1843-8660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100743993","display_name":"Victor Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6283-978X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor H. F. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053395605","display_name":"Chun\u2010Ka Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5205-9440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun Ka Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. carlosho@hku.hk","Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. carlosho@hku.hk","Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China. carlosho@hku.hk","The Hong Kong Jockey Club Global Health Institute, Hong Kong SAR, China. carlosho@hku.hk"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. carlosho@hku.hk","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. carlosho@hku.hk","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China. carlosho@hku.hk","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Jockey Club Global Health Institute, Hong Kong SAR, China. carlosho@hku.hk","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061196054","display_name":"Zhili Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhili Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102943486","display_name":"Winnie Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0709-0419"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wing Yiu Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029509953","display_name":"I. Tai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0256-5705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isaac C. Y. Tai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028008500","display_name":"Joshua W. K. Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2331-7011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua W. K. Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China","School of Biomedical Science, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Science, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072309345","display_name":"Jason W.H. Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2953-7728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason W. H. Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Science, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Science, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065860606","display_name":"Brian Hung\u2010Hin Lang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9362-0086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian H. H. Lang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029917806","display_name":"Kathy Leung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4777-388X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100650","display_name":"Hong Kong Jockey Club","ror":"https://ror.org/015ygrv52","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141719","display_name":"University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/047w7d678","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141719"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kathy S. M. Leung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China","The Hong Kong Jockey Club Global Health Institute, Hong Kong SAR, China","The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China","WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Jockey Club Global Health Institute, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895","https://openalex.org/I4210141719"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024939512","display_name":"Zoie Shui-Yee Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4499-9779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092806","display_name":"St. Luke's International University","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5yzw53","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092806"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["AU","HK","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zoie S. Y. Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia","Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan","School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092806"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068852445","display_name":"Joseph T. Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3155-5987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141719","display_name":"University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/047w7d678","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141719"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph T. Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China. joewu@hku.hk","The Hong Kong Jockey Club Global Health Institute, Hong Kong SAR, China. joewu@hku.hk","The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China. joewu@hku.hk","WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. joewu@hku.hk","The University of Hong Kong\u2014Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China","WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China. joewu@hku.hk","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Jockey Club Global Health Institute, Hong Kong SAR, China. joewu@hku.hk","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China. joewu@hku.hk","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. joewu@hku.hk","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong\u2014Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141719","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041610413","display_name":"Carlos King Ho Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6895-6071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["CN","GB","HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carlos K. H. Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. carlosho@hku.hk","Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. carlosho@hku.hk","Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China. carlosho@hku.hk","The Hong Kong Jockey Club Global Health Institute, Hong Kong SAR, China. carlosho@hku.hk","Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. carlosho@hku.hk","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. carlosho@hku.hk","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D\u00b24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China. carlosho@hku.hk","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Jockey Club Global Health Institute, Hong Kong SAR, China. carlosho@hku.hk","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":18,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041610413"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I4210089966","https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":5.8158,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95993285,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"134","last_page":"134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10887","display_name":"Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks","score":0.9562000036239624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroid-cancer","display_name":"Thyroid cancer","score":0.6596177816390991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5475777387619019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5443711280822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41572117805480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3935311436653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.38244301080703735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroid","display_name":"Thyroid","score":0.33408284187316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.19591566920280457}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779761222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q826522","display_name":"Thyroid cancer","level":3,"score":0.6596177816390991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5475777387619019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5443711280822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41572117805480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3935311436653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.38244301080703735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526584372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16399","display_name":"Thyroid","level":2,"score":0.33408284187316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.19591566920280457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01528-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01528-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01528-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40025285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40025285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk:4675513","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/view/creators/lshkw12.html>;","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402527","display_name":"LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","host_organization_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2674f6a58c1243aa8111885da14c1058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2674f6a58c1243aa8111885da14c1058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/354902","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/354902","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11873034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11873034","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01528-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01528-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01528-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2713817073","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AIR@InnoHK","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321920","funder_display_name":"Innovation and Technology Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321920","display_name":"Innovation and Technology Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/04vf9tr09"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408079334.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79139011","https://openalex.org/W1966976587","https://openalex.org/W2145150141","https://openalex.org/W2601748485","https://openalex.org/W2611699884","https://openalex.org/W2623129681","https://openalex.org/W2749701213","https://openalex.org/W2773626789","https://openalex.org/W2921120825","https://openalex.org/W3081599512","https://openalex.org/W3083913352","https://openalex.org/W3127145819","https://openalex.org/W4224311357","https://openalex.org/W4282984451","https://openalex.org/W4294214983","https://openalex.org/W4306247389","https://openalex.org/W4315754639","https://openalex.org/W4319601558","https://openalex.org/W4387074826","https://openalex.org/W4388487668","https://openalex.org/W4390880284","https://openalex.org/W4391184004","https://openalex.org/W4391562669","https://openalex.org/W4391836235","https://openalex.org/W4394579747","https://openalex.org/W4396213874","https://openalex.org/W4396553888","https://openalex.org/W4396977542","https://openalex.org/W4401820676","https://openalex.org/W4401872076","https://openalex.org/W4405552797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W939259490","https://openalex.org/W4250761926","https://openalex.org/W2323904043","https://openalex.org/W2510890708","https://openalex.org/W2529645566","https://openalex.org/W2905437566","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"developed":[1,93],"a":[2],"named":[3],"entity":[4],"(NE)":[5],"framework":[6,58,91,129],"for":[7,50,82,108,118],"information":[8,83],"extraction":[9],"from":[10,15],"semi-structured":[11],"clinical":[12],"notes":[13,101],"retrieved":[14],"The":[16,56],"Cancer":[17,20,40],"Genome":[18],"Atlas-Thyroid":[19],"(TCGA-THCA)":[21],"database":[22],"and":[23,43,69,77,102,120,125,130,135,140],"examined":[24],"Large":[25],"Language":[26],"Models":[27],"(LLMs)":[28],"strategies":[29],"to":[30],"classify":[31],"the":[32],"8<sup>th</sup>":[33],"edition":[34],"of":[35,60,137],"American":[36,44],"Joint":[37],"Committee":[38],"on":[39],"(AJCC)":[41],"staging":[42],"Thyroid":[45],"Association":[46],"(ATA)":[47],"risk":[48,141],"category":[49,142],"patients":[51],"with":[52,86],"well-differentiated":[53],"thyroid":[54,144],"cancer.":[55],"NE":[57],"consisted":[59],"annotation":[61],"guidelines":[62],"development,":[63],"ground":[64,88],"truth":[65],"labelling,":[66],"prompting":[67],"approaches,":[68],"evaluation":[70],"codes.":[71],"Four":[72],"LLMs":[73],"(Mistral-7B-Instruct,":[74],"Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct,":[75],"Gemma-2-9B-Instruct,":[76],"Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct)":[78],"were":[79,106],"offline":[80],"utilised":[81],"extraction,":[84],"comparing":[85],"expert-curated":[87],"truth.":[89],"Our":[90,128],"was":[92],"using":[94],"50":[95],"TCGA-THCA":[96,100],"pathology":[97],"notes.":[98],"289":[99],"35":[103],"pseudo-clinical":[104],"cases":[105],"used":[107],"validation.":[109],"Taking":[110],"an":[111],"ensemble-like":[112],"majority-vote":[113],"strategy":[114],"achieved":[115],"satisfactory":[116],"performance":[117],"AJCC":[119],"ATA":[121],"in":[122,143],"both":[123],"development":[124],"validation":[126],"sets.":[127],"ensemble":[131],"classifier":[132],"optimised":[133],"efficiency":[134],"accuracy":[136],"classifying":[138],"stage":[139],"cancer":[145],"patients.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-24T08:02:53.985720","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
