{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407445136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01498-1","title":"Personalized decision making for coronary artery disease treatment using offline reinforcement learning","display_name":"Personalized decision making for coronary artery disease treatment using offline reinforcement learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407445136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01498-1","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39948243"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01498-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01498-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01498-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01498-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038469878","display_name":"Peyman Ghasemi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1890-0715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peyman Ghasemi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Intelligence for Health Lab, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1890-0715","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Intelligence for Health Lab, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112970344","display_name":"Matthew Greenberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Greenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052576941","display_name":"Danielle A. Southern","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0006-0033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danielle A. Southern","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100365212","display_name":"Bin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-5452"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126859394","display_name":"Alberta Health Services","ror":"https://ror.org/02nt5es71","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126859394"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126859394"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070858953","display_name":"James A. White","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5297-4507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802418778","display_name":"Foothills Medical Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/020wfrz93","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802418778"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56478863","display_name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/02qthww36","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56478863"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James A. White","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","Stephenson Cardiac Imaging Centre, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5297-4507","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56478863"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stephenson Cardiac Imaging Centre, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802418778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016319594","display_name":"Joon S. Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4173-9955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56478863","display_name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/02qthww36","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56478863"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Intelligence for Health Lab, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. joon.lee@ucalgary.ca","Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. joon.lee@ucalgary.ca","Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. joon.lee@ucalgary.ca","Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. joon.lee@ucalgary.ca","Data Intelligence for Health Lab, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Intelligence for Health Lab, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. joon.lee@ucalgary.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. joon.lee@ucalgary.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. joon.lee@ucalgary.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. joon.lee@ucalgary.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56478863"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Intelligence for Health Lab, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56478863"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016319594"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309","https://openalex.org/I56478863"],"apc_list":{"value":3590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3590},"apc_paid":{"value":3590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3590},"fwci":12.3582,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99008848,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"99","last_page":"99"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10193","display_name":"Coronary Interventions and Diagnostics","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10193","display_name":"Coronary Interventions and Diagnostics","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10372","display_name":"Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10821","display_name":"Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors","score":0.9696000218391418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7527188062667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronary-artery-disease","display_name":"Coronary artery disease","score":0.6027121543884277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.48876118659973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.45574072003364563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.44029417634010315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.4290546178817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiology","display_name":"Cardiology","score":0.42006632685661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4053804874420166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31876033544540405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.20760351419448853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7527188062667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778213512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844935","display_name":"Coronary artery disease","level":2,"score":0.6027121543884277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.48876118659973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.45574072003364563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.44029417634010315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4290546178817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.42006632685661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4053804874420166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31876033544540405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.20760351419448853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01498-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01498-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01498-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39948243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39948243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0aea2c773ea644df931e3735c1efd114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0aea2c773ea644df931e3735c1efd114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11825836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11825836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01498-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01498-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01498-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5404440698","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PJT 178027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319880","funder_display_name":"Government of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5990209255","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"212200473","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325651","funder_display_name":"Alberta Innovates"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7836683790","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PJT 178027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334506","funder_display_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319880","display_name":"Government of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/010q4q527"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325651","display_name":"Alberta Innovates","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334506","display_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01gavpb45"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407445136.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1233989772","https://openalex.org/W1517397003","https://openalex.org/W1967375821","https://openalex.org/W1977493857","https://openalex.org/W1993569253","https://openalex.org/W1995314235","https://openalex.org/W1995870068","https://openalex.org/W2048965883","https://openalex.org/W2061668701","https://openalex.org/W2064242341","https://openalex.org/W2070710301","https://openalex.org/W2093983854","https://openalex.org/W2098258573","https://openalex.org/W2140991303","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2156682402","https://openalex.org/W2160414137","https://openalex.org/W2169226612","https://openalex.org/W2233997862","https://openalex.org/W2400512890","https://openalex.org/W2408866005","https://openalex.org/W2439007935","https://openalex.org/W2770695371","https://openalex.org/W2806905826","https://openalex.org/W2810033056","https://openalex.org/W2885718864","https://openalex.org/W2896893468","https://openalex.org/W2901139437","https://openalex.org/W2907400679","https://openalex.org/W2953505302","https://openalex.org/W2953970797","https://openalex.org/W2963565281","https://openalex.org/W3021577007","https://openalex.org/W3092494313","https://openalex.org/W3118430413","https://openalex.org/W3130532720","https://openalex.org/W3131988812","https://openalex.org/W3199517312","https://openalex.org/W3211659156","https://openalex.org/W3216656735","https://openalex.org/W4205756371","https://openalex.org/W4206104921","https://openalex.org/W4224267054","https://openalex.org/W4226256280","https://openalex.org/W4309474164","https://openalex.org/W4367173225","https://openalex.org/W4388817396","https://openalex.org/W4392006104","https://openalex.org/W4394857110","https://openalex.org/W4394894573","https://openalex.org/W4399462990","https://openalex.org/W4399728162"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387497383","https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W3173606202","https://openalex.org/W3110381201","https://openalex.org/W2948807893","https://openalex.org/W2935909890","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2778153218","https://openalex.org/W2758277628","https://openalex.org/W1531601525"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Choosing":[0],"optimal":[1,56],"revascularization":[2],"strategies":[3],"for":[4,28,146],"patients":[5,45,141],"with":[6,46,78,109,120,142],"obstructive":[7,48,143],"coronary":[8,148],"artery":[9],"disease":[10],"(CAD)":[11],"remains":[12],"a":[13,38,121],"clinical":[14,112,130],"challenge.":[15],"While":[16],"randomized":[17],"controlled":[18],"trials":[19],"offer":[20],"population-level":[21],"insights,":[22],"gaps":[23],"remain":[24,107],"regarding":[25],"personalized":[26],"decision-making":[27],"individual":[29],"patients.":[30],"We":[31],"applied":[32],"off-policy":[33],"reinforcement":[34],"learning":[35],"(RL)":[36],"to":[37,83,100,137],"composite":[39,91],"data":[40],"model":[41],"from":[42],"41,328":[43],"unique":[44],"angiography-confirmed":[47],"CAD.":[49],"In":[50],"an":[51,116],"offline":[52],"setting,":[53],"we":[54,97],"estimated":[55],"treatment":[57,105],"policies":[58,62,80,106],"and":[59],"evaluated":[60],"these":[61],"using":[63],"weighted":[64],"importance":[65],"sampling.":[66],"Our":[67],"findings":[68],"indicate":[69],"that":[70,102],"RL-guided":[71],"therapy":[72],"decisions":[73],"outperformed":[74],"physician-based":[75],"decision":[76,131],"making,":[77],"RL":[79,103,118],"achieving":[81],"up":[82],"32%":[84],"improvement":[85],"in":[86,140],"expected":[87],"rewards":[88],"based":[89],"on":[90],"major":[92],"cardiovascular":[93],"events":[94],"outcomes.":[95],"Additionally,":[96],"introduced":[98],"methods":[99],"ensure":[101],"CAD":[104,144],"compatible":[108],"locally":[110],"achievable":[111],"practice":[113],"models,":[114],"presenting":[115],"interpretable":[117],"policy":[119],"limited":[122],"number":[123],"of":[124],"states.":[125],"Overall,":[126],"this":[127],"novel":[128],"RL-based":[129],"support":[132],"tool,":[133],"RL4CAD,":[134],"demonstrates":[135],"potential":[136],"optimize":[138],"care":[139],"referred":[145],"invasive":[147],"angiography.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-27T08:26:11.824852","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}