{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407358819","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01488-3","title":"Benchmarking the diagnostic performance of open source LLMs in 1933 Eurorad case reports","display_name":"Benchmarking the diagnostic performance of open source LLMs in 1933 Eurorad case reports","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407358819","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01488-3","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39934372"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01488-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01488-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01488-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01488-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064415094","display_name":"Su Hwan Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5383-2041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802619606","display_name":"TUM Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/04jc43x05","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Su Hwan Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. suhwan.kim@tum.de","Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. suhwan.kim@tum.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042646095","display_name":"Severin Schramm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3299-5861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802619606","display_name":"TUM Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/04jc43x05","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Severin Schramm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005164520","display_name":"Lisa C. Adams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5836-4542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802619606","display_name":"TUM Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/04jc43x05","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa C. Adams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014611590","display_name":"Rickmer Braren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802619606","display_name":"TUM Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/04jc43x05","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rickmer Braren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006318966","display_name":"Keno K. Bressem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9249-8624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148371","display_name":"Deutsches Herzzentrum M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/04hbwba26","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148371","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keno K. Bressem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiovascular Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, German Heart Center Munich, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiovascular Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, German Heart Center Munich, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148371","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088605747","display_name":"Matthias Keicher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2037-6796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Keicher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099035956","display_name":"Paul-S\u00f6ren Platzek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802619606","display_name":"TUM Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/04jc43x05","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul-S\u00f6ren Platzek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082484458","display_name":"Karolin J. Paprottka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802619606","display_name":"TUM Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/04jc43x05","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karolin Johanna Paprottka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085312364","display_name":"Claus Zimmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4805-9103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802619606","display_name":"TUM Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/04jc43x05","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claus Zimmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059563956","display_name":"Dennis M. Hedderich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8994-5593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802619606","display_name":"TUM Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/04jc43x05","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis M. Hedderich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112932778","display_name":"Benedikt Wiestler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802619606","display_name":"TUM Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/04jc43x05","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benedikt Wiestler","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI for Image-Guided Diagnosis and Therapy, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI for Image-Guided Diagnosis and Therapy, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064415094"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802619606","https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":17.8976,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99208293,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"97","last_page":"97"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.6025360226631165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.5749551057815552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.5334667563438416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-diagnosis","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","score":0.4367064833641052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.33276551961898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3028505742549896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2873770594596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.25766947865486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.17084252834320068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.1017720103263855}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.6025360226631165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.5749551057815552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.5334667563438416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.4367064833641052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.33276551961898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3028505742549896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2873770594596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.25766947865486145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.17084252834320068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.1017720103263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01488-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01488-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01488-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39934372","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39934372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11814077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11814077","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11814077/pdf/41746_2025_Article_1488.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f77fc250d75444a389803e61b3ab9787","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f77fc250d75444a389803e61b3ab9787","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1773124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1773124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196330","display_name":"mediaTUM  (Technical University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1774073","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1774073","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196330","display_name":"mediaTUM  (Technical University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01488-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01488-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01488-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407358819.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407358819.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2747329762","https://openalex.org/W3158032965","https://openalex.org/W4312549535","https://openalex.org/W4367668513","https://openalex.org/W4378672794","https://openalex.org/W4380422747","https://openalex.org/W4383186888","https://openalex.org/W4385230595","https://openalex.org/W4386185600","https://openalex.org/W4387775965","https://openalex.org/W4390943000","https://openalex.org/W4391579871","https://openalex.org/W4392504747","https://openalex.org/W4393203759","https://openalex.org/W4394579747","https://openalex.org/W4394767601","https://openalex.org/W4394838401","https://openalex.org/W4394843589","https://openalex.org/W4395467677","https://openalex.org/W4396722287","https://openalex.org/W4399070654","https://openalex.org/W4399279497","https://openalex.org/W4400136387","https://openalex.org/W4400260578","https://openalex.org/W4400456285","https://openalex.org/W4401548565","https://openalex.org/W4402670101","https://openalex.org/W4402701735","https://openalex.org/W4402727764","https://openalex.org/W4404143589","https://openalex.org/W4404485589","https://openalex.org/W4404518047","https://openalex.org/W4404782815","https://openalex.org/W4406667919","https://openalex.org/W6852874933","https://openalex.org/W6858268588"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4238897586","https://openalex.org/W435179959","https://openalex.org/W2619091065","https://openalex.org/W2059640416","https://openalex.org/W1490753184","https://openalex.org/W2284465472","https://openalex.org/W2291782699","https://openalex.org/W1993948687"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advancements":[1],"in":[2,34,57,84,145],"large":[3],"language":[4],"models":[5,31],"(LLMs)":[6],"have":[7],"created":[8],"new":[9],"ways":[10],"to":[11,103,126],"support":[12,139],"radiological":[13,142],"diagnostics.":[14],"While":[15],"both":[16,107],"open-source":[17,30,50,119,135],"and":[18,38,52,72],"proprietary":[19,127],"LLMs":[20,51,64,120,136],"can":[21],"address":[22],"privacy":[23],"concerns":[24],"through":[25],"local":[26],"or":[27],"cloud":[28],"deployment,":[29],"provide":[32],"advantages":[33],"continuity":[35],"of":[36,48,134],"access,":[37],"potentially":[39],"lower":[40],"costs.":[41],"This":[42],"study":[43],"evaluated":[44],"the":[45,61,80,85,124,132],"diagnostic":[46],"performance":[47],"fifteen":[49],"one":[53],"closed-source":[54],"LLM":[55],"(GPT-4o)":[56],"1,933":[58],"cases":[59,98],"from":[60,99],"Eurorad":[62],"library.":[63],"provided":[65],"differential":[66,143],"diagnoses":[67],"based":[68],"on":[69,93],"clinical":[70],"history":[71],"imaging":[73],"findings.":[74],"Responses":[75],"were":[76,90],"considered":[77],"correct":[78],"if":[79],"true":[81],"diagnosis":[82,144],"appeared":[83],"top":[86],"three":[87],"suggestions.":[88],"Models":[89],"further":[91],"tested":[92],"60":[94],"non-public":[95],"brain":[96],"MRI":[97],"a":[100],"tertiary":[101],"hospital":[102],"assess":[104],"generalizability.":[105],"In":[106],"datasets,":[108],"GPT-4o":[109],"demonstrated":[110],"superior":[111],"performance,":[112],"closely":[113],"followed":[114],"by":[115],"Llama-3-70B,":[116],"revealing":[117],"how":[118],"are":[121],"rapidly":[122],"closing":[123],"gap":[125],"models.":[128],"Our":[129],"findings":[130],"highlight":[131],"potential":[133],"as":[137],"decision":[138],"tools":[140],"for":[141],"challenging,":[146],"real-world":[147],"cases.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}