{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406501618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01447-y","title":"Survey and perspective on verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification of digital twins for precision medicine","display_name":"Survey and perspective on verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification of digital twins for precision medicine","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406501618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01447-y","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39825103"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01447-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01447-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01447-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01447-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045347061","display_name":"Kaan Sel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3862-8616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143601","display_name":"Decision Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0434dpa13","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaan Sel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143601","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052721598","display_name":"Andrea Hawkins\u2010Daarud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6391-4155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343551460","display_name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04twxam07","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Hawkins-Daarud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Data Science in Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Data Science in Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059088770","display_name":"Anirban Chaudhuri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anirban Chaudhuri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055397532","display_name":"Deen Osman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9278-3599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deen Osman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115915558","display_name":"Ahmad Bahai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Bahai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsystems Technology Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsystems Technology Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041507960","display_name":"David Paydarfar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3244-8104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Paydarfar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA","Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017431306","display_name":"Karen Willcox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2156-9338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karen Willcox","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047559777","display_name":"Caroline Chung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343551460","display_name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04twxam07","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA","Institute for Data Science in Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Data Science in Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011769350","display_name":"Roozbeh Jafari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6358-0458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143601","display_name":"Decision Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0434dpa13","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roozbeh Jafari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. rjafari@mit.edu","Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. rjafari@mit.edu","Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA. rjafari@mit.edu","Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. rjafari@mit.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. rjafari@mit.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143601"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA. rjafari@mit.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011769350"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I4210143601","https://openalex.org/I63966007","https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":33.7095,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99715158,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"40","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13280","display_name":"Biomedical and Engineering Education","score":0.9509000182151794,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-medicine","display_name":"Precision medicine","score":0.5928604602813721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5825313925743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-intervention","display_name":"Psychological intervention","score":0.5698596239089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5025434494018555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.44090670347213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.43839094042778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-validation","display_name":"Model validation","score":0.4195007085800171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-health","display_name":"Digital health","score":0.4122588634490967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3785950541496277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.21685773134231567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14650002121925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.12253254652023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing","display_name":"Nursing","score":0.08343860507011414}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163763905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075943","display_name":"Precision medicine","level":2,"score":0.5928604602813721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5825313925743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5698596239089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5025434494018555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.44090670347213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.43839094042778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019813237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65089264","display_name":"Model validation","level":2,"score":0.4195007085800171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780433410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276090","display_name":"Digital health","level":3,"score":0.4122588634490967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3785950541496277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.21685773134231567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14650002121925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.12253254652023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.08343860507011414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01447-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01447-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01447-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39825103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39825103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11742391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11742391","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11742391/pdf/41746_2025_Article_1447.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ee5c0fe980e047c0a0fb0c8a67c03892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ee5c0fe980e047c0a0fb0c8a67c03892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01447-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01447-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-025-01447-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3497591915","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NIH)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5921281487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"number","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6755165505","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"award","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7200503492","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-76RL01830","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7531458767","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1R01HL151240","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7560550554","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"76RL01830","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8558419446","display_name":"FDT-BioTech: A digital twin framework for developing and analyzing virtual patient cohorts to enable virtual clinical trials","funder_award_id":"2436499","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G921665476","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-76RL01830","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406501618.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":111,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1481518662","https://openalex.org/W2002824768","https://openalex.org/W2027385505","https://openalex.org/W2035111930","https://openalex.org/W2066210090","https://openalex.org/W2091313449","https://openalex.org/W2110937552","https://openalex.org/W2117546666","https://openalex.org/W2124211545","https://openalex.org/W2127951107","https://openalex.org/W2135014481","https://openalex.org/W2169496790","https://openalex.org/W2339249514","https://openalex.org/W2572361735","https://openalex.org/W2746808686","https://openalex.org/W2747932620","https://openalex.org/W2754137476","https://openalex.org/W2773318670","https://openalex.org/W2782532194","https://openalex.org/W2805185631","https://openalex.org/W2811395263","https://openalex.org/W2888711527","https://openalex.org/W2894128844","https://openalex.org/W2898346196","https://openalex.org/W2899876413","https://openalex.org/W2903002596","https://openalex.org/W2910993836","https://openalex.org/W2915854813","https://openalex.org/W2919720720","https://openalex.org/W2941876953","https://openalex.org/W2965706736","https://openalex.org/W2967879444","https://openalex.org/W2976398475","https://openalex.org/W2977131455","https://openalex.org/W2977860782","https://openalex.org/W2993418133","https://openalex.org/W2994704054","https://openalex.org/W2995738274","https://openalex.org/W2998175747","https://openalex.org/W3001615149","https://openalex.org/W3003174623","https://openalex.org/W3004612364","https://openalex.org/W3004691496","https://openalex.org/W3013681994","https://openalex.org/W3034383590","https://openalex.org/W3088863537","https://openalex.org/W3090999122","https://openalex.org/W3093272110","https://openalex.org/W3102100346","https://openalex.org/W3118929067","https://openalex.org/W3129930946","https://openalex.org/W3133894893","https://openalex.org/W3140760072","https://openalex.org/W3162612286","https://openalex.org/W3164731060","https://openalex.org/W3165299285","https://openalex.org/W3185456481","https://openalex.org/W3193707194","https://openalex.org/W3201332485","https://openalex.org/W3205912730","https://openalex.org/W3207034280","https://openalex.org/W3217570006","https://openalex.org/W4200497319","https://openalex.org/W4206767229","https://openalex.org/W4206842007","https://openalex.org/W4210389067","https://openalex.org/W4213237113","https://openalex.org/W4223908164","https://openalex.org/W4224028562","https://openalex.org/W4225625414","https://openalex.org/W4225657853","https://openalex.org/W4226119574","https://openalex.org/W4226299709","https://openalex.org/W4229532754","https://openalex.org/W4241686452","https://openalex.org/W4293512459","https://openalex.org/W4294085681","https://openalex.org/W4296613139","https://openalex.org/W4297988258","https://openalex.org/W4301395217","https://openalex.org/W4313252043","https://openalex.org/W4324087818","https://openalex.org/W4361279210","https://openalex.org/W4367668810","https://openalex.org/W4372354552","https://openalex.org/W4378473350","https://openalex.org/W4380086340","https://openalex.org/W4382133580","https://openalex.org/W4386468741","https://openalex.org/W4386790102","https://openalex.org/W4386958277","https://openalex.org/W4387533560","https://openalex.org/W4387976784","https://openalex.org/W4389152109","https://openalex.org/W4389781823","https://openalex.org/W4390480823","https://openalex.org/W4392182480","https://openalex.org/W4392283602","https://openalex.org/W4393094536","https://openalex.org/W4394722845","https://openalex.org/W4398232503","https://openalex.org/W4399164534","https://openalex.org/W4399303221","https://openalex.org/W4400493343","https://openalex.org/W4400930259","https://openalex.org/W4401221079","https://openalex.org/W4401352331","https://openalex.org/W4402402047","https://openalex.org/W4402839760","https://openalex.org/W4403490858","https://openalex.org/W4403935963"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200407670","https://openalex.org/W2900068172","https://openalex.org/W2238030311","https://openalex.org/W3037909725","https://openalex.org/W1982842519","https://openalex.org/W2166644286","https://openalex.org/W2590898204","https://openalex.org/W2090248941","https://openalex.org/W4206293679","https://openalex.org/W4298001029"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"twins":[1,29,64],"in":[2,30,37],"precision":[3],"medicine":[4],"provide":[5],"tailored":[6],"health":[7],"recommendations":[8],"by":[9],"simulating":[10],"patient-specific":[11],"trajectories":[12],"and":[13,23,33,39,44,53],"interventions.":[14],"We":[15,41],"examine":[16],"the":[17],"critical":[18],"role":[19],"of":[20],"Verification,":[21],"Validation,":[22],"Uncertainty":[24],"Quantification":[25],"(VVUQ)":[26],"for":[27,46,61],"digital":[28,63],"ensuring":[31],"safety":[32],"efficacy,":[34],"with":[35],"examples":[36],"cardiology":[38],"oncology.":[40],"highlight":[42],"challenges":[43],"opportunities":[45],"developing":[47],"personalized":[48],"trial":[49],"methodologies,":[50],"validation":[51],"metrics,":[52],"standardizing":[54],"VVUQ":[55,57],"processes.":[56],"frameworks":[58],"are":[59],"essential":[60],"integrating":[62],"into":[65],"clinical":[66],"practice.":[67]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":37}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}