{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406596702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01377-1","title":"Clinical entity augmented retrieval for clinical information extraction","display_name":"Clinical entity augmented retrieval for clinical information extraction","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406596702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01377-1","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39828800"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01377-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01377-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01377-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01377-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084224715","display_name":"Iv\u00e1n L\u00f3pez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Lopez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford, CA, USA. ivlopez@stanford.edu","Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. ivlopez@stanford.edu","Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford, CA, USA. ivlopez@stanford.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. ivlopez@stanford.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004","https://openalex.org/I4210137306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079965457","display_name":"Akshay Swaminathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3426-9289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akshay Swaminathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford, CA, USA","Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115763802","display_name":"Karthik S. Vedula","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karthik Vedula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Poolesville High School, Poolesville, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Poolesville High School, Poolesville, MD, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040520263","display_name":"Sanjana Narayanan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjana Narayanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056466429","display_name":"Fateme Nateghi Haredasht","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8874-8835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fateme Nateghi Haredasht","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029989846","display_name":"P. Stephen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3738-9569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen P. Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Hospital Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Hospital Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099179337","display_name":"April S. Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3890-4104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"April S. Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Clinical Informatics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Clinical Informatics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059833188","display_name":"Steven Tate","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9544-594X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Tate","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115941975","display_name":"Manoj Maddali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manoj Maddali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford, CA, USA","Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066571318","display_name":"Robert J. Gallo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2601-0173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204866599","display_name":"VA Palo Alto Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/00nr17z89","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I204866599","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138309","display_name":"Center for Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/04c1v2b17","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210089489","https://openalex.org/I4210138309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Joseph Gallo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Menlo Park, CA, USA","Department of Health Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204866599","https://openalex.org/I4210138309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041175834","display_name":"Nigam H. Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9385-7158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105015","display_name":"Stanford Health Care","ror":"https://ror.org/019wqcg20","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105015"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nigam H. Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Excellence Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford, CA, USA","Technology and Digital Solutions, Stanford Healthcare, Palo Alto, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Excellence Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology and Digital Solutions, Stanford Healthcare, Palo Alto, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105015"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046725885","display_name":"Jonathan H. Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4387-8740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan H. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Excellence Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford, CA, USA","Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","Division of Hospital Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Excellence Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Hospital Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084224715"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":31.2644,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99851581,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"45","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11744","display_name":"Health Sciences Research and Education","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.7319805026054382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.707923948764801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.704677402973175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6728214025497437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.670012891292572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5840103030204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.5185014009475708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3403254747390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.32243120670318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.07492488622665405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.7319805026054382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.707923948764801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.704677402973175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6728214025497437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.670012891292572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5840103030204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.5185014009475708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3403254747390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.32243120670318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.07492488622665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01377-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01377-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01377-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39828800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39828800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11743751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11743751","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11743751/pdf/41746_2024_Article_1377.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cdd275f794e24fb496f700d16a907fbc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cdd275f794e24fb496f700d16a907fbc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01377-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01377-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01377-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G242349094","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UG1DA015815","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2789588635","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NCATS","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4525995888","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1TR003142","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","funder_display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G523118074","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1TR003142","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G536197267","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1TR003142","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316438","funder_display_name":"Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5558152276","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1R01AI17812101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G715092685","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1R01AI178121","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7727173809","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306230","funder_display_name":"American Heart Association"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G928848541","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12409","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306202","funder_display_name":"Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306202","display_name":"Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/006wxqw41"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306230","display_name":"American Heart Association","ror":"https://ror.org/013kjyp64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316438","display_name":"Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406596702.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406596702.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483357098","https://openalex.org/W1596932914","https://openalex.org/W2039691998","https://openalex.org/W2099369363","https://openalex.org/W2114388055","https://openalex.org/W2138162199","https://openalex.org/W2159583324","https://openalex.org/W2168041406","https://openalex.org/W2169099542","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2768488789","https://openalex.org/W2769041395","https://openalex.org/W2904183610","https://openalex.org/W2959716049","https://openalex.org/W2963716420","https://openalex.org/W3006227201","https://openalex.org/W3015487282","https://openalex.org/W3024538009","https://openalex.org/W3031956118","https://openalex.org/W3037109418","https://openalex.org/W3046375318","https://openalex.org/W3085853817","https://openalex.org/W3145725122","https://openalex.org/W3152740956","https://openalex.org/W3165345393","https://openalex.org/W3166444100","https://openalex.org/W3169284847","https://openalex.org/W3173561451","https://openalex.org/W4210491535","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W4282983782","https://openalex.org/W4287825939","https://openalex.org/W4306253706","https://openalex.org/W4312113143","https://openalex.org/W4365143687","https://openalex.org/W4375955751","https://openalex.org/W4385570284","https://openalex.org/W4385571012","https://openalex.org/W4385572149","https://openalex.org/W4385573087","https://openalex.org/W4386270925","https://openalex.org/W4386794805","https://openalex.org/W4386976808","https://openalex.org/W4387117651","https://openalex.org/W4389205282","https://openalex.org/W4389519019","https://openalex.org/W4389520779","https://openalex.org/W4389523718","https://openalex.org/W4389984066","https://openalex.org/W4390745503","https://openalex.org/W4390833194","https://openalex.org/W4390889502","https://openalex.org/W4391709260","https://openalex.org/W4391876619","https://openalex.org/W4392193048","https://openalex.org/W4392740458","https://openalex.org/W4393027162","https://openalex.org/W4393299232","https://openalex.org/W4395443393","https://openalex.org/W4396823873","https://openalex.org/W4399979066","https://openalex.org/W4400222836","https://openalex.org/W4401043168","https://openalex.org/W4401306886","https://openalex.org/W4402671258","https://openalex.org/W4402671766","https://openalex.org/W4402683949","https://openalex.org/W6847076894","https://openalex.org/W6849898756"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388335561","https://openalex.org/W2970530566","https://openalex.org/W4288261899","https://openalex.org/W4307309205","https://openalex.org/W2967478618","https://openalex.org/W4385009901","https://openalex.org/W4385572700","https://openalex.org/W2997152889","https://openalex.org/W2081900870","https://openalex.org/W4285141722"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"with":[4,126],"retrieval-augmented":[5],"generation":[6],"(RAG)":[7],"have":[8],"improved":[9,127],"information":[10,37,114],"extraction":[11],"over":[12],"previous":[13],"methods,":[14],"yet":[15],"their":[16],"reliance":[17],"on":[18],"embeddings":[19],"often":[20],"leads":[21],"to":[22,43,130],"inefficient":[23],"retrieval.":[24],"We":[25,40],"introduce":[26],"CLinical":[27],"Entity":[28],"Augmented":[29],"Retrieval":[30],"(CLEAR),":[31],"a":[32],"RAG":[33,45],"pipeline":[34],"that":[35],"retrieves":[36],"using":[38,53],"entities.":[39],"compared":[41,129],"CLEAR":[42,109],"embedding":[44,101],"and":[46,66,73,84,88,95,103,116,123],"full-note":[47,104],"approaches":[48],"for":[49,99,113],"extracting":[50],"18":[51],"variables":[52],"six":[54],"LLMs":[55],"across":[56],"20,000":[57],"clinical":[58,111],"notes.":[59],"Average":[60],"F1":[61],"scores":[62],"were":[63,70,81,92],"0.90,":[64],"0.86,":[65],"0.79;":[67],"inference":[68,124],"times":[69],"4.95,":[71],"17.41,":[72],"20.08":[74],"s":[75],"per":[76,86,97],"note;":[77,87],"average":[78,89],"model":[79],"queries":[80],"1.68,":[82],"4.94,":[83],"4.18":[85],"input":[90],"tokens":[91],"1.1k,":[93],"3.8k,":[94],"6.1k":[96],"note":[98],"CLEAR,":[100],"RAG,":[102],"approaches,":[105],"respectively.":[106],"In":[107],"conclusion,":[108],"utilizes":[110],"entities":[112],"retrieval":[115],"achieves":[117],">70%":[118],"reduction":[119],"in":[120],"token":[121],"usage":[122],"time":[125],"performance":[128],"modern":[131],"methods.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":35}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}