{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402909345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01258-7","title":"A framework for human evaluation of large language models in healthcare derived from literature review","display_name":"A framework for human evaluation of large language models in healthcare derived from literature review","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402909345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01258-7","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39333376"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01258-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01258-7","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01258-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01258-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110850746","display_name":"Thomas Yu Chow Tam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Yu Chow Tam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088321269","display_name":"Sonish Sivarajkumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4173-1988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonish Sivarajkumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093774898","display_name":"Sumit Kapoor","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134769","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04ehecz88","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098814","https://openalex.org/I4210134769"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumit Kapoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134769"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109790487","display_name":"Alisa V Stolyar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alisa V. Stolyar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093774899","display_name":"Katelyn Polanska","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katelyn Polanska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114157987","display_name":"Karleigh R McCarthy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karleigh R. McCarthy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5096831445","display_name":"Hunter Osterhoudt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hunter Osterhoudt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101766426","display_name":"Xizhi Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5921-4244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xizhi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036362467","display_name":"Shyam Visweswaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2079-8684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shyam Visweswaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032226587","display_name":"Sunyang Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1691-5179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I919571938","display_name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/03gds6c39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunyang Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical and Health Informatics, Center for Translational AI Excellence and Applications in Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical and Health Informatics, Center for Translational AI Excellence and Applications in Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I919571938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050110511","display_name":"Piyush Mathur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-8767"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1314596251","display_name":"Allen Institute for Brain Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00dcv1019","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1314596251","https://openalex.org/I4210140341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316902750","display_name":"Cleveland Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/03xjacd83","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1316902750"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piyush Mathur","raw_affiliation_strings":["BrainX AI ReSearch, BrainX LLC, Cleveland, OH, USA","Department of Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BrainX AI ReSearch, BrainX LLC, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1314596251"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316902750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062586182","display_name":"Giovanni Cacciamani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8892-5539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni E. Cacciamani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032297415","display_name":"Cong Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-2646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153466","display_name":"Weill Cornell Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02r109517","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4387153466"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4387153466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085113833","display_name":"Yifan Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9309-8331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153466","display_name":"Weill Cornell Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02r109517","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4387153466"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4387153466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080116611","display_name":"Yanshan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4433-7839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128526","display_name":"UPMC Hillman Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03bw34a45","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I4210128526"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134769","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04ehecz88","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098814","https://openalex.org/I4210134769"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanshan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. yanshan.wang@pitt.edu","Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. yanshan.wang@pitt.edu","Department of Health Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. yanshan.wang@pitt.edu","Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. yanshan.wang@pitt.edu","Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. yanshan.wang@pitt.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. yanshan.wang@pitt.edu","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. yanshan.wang@pitt.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. yanshan.wang@pitt.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. yanshan.wang@pitt.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134769","https://openalex.org/I4210128526"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. yanshan.wang@pitt.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110850746"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":27.125,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":232,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99781291,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"258","last_page":"258"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.9588000178337097,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10582","display_name":"Ethics in Clinical Research","score":0.9484000205993652,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.7378578782081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.6028769612312317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.46367594599723816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjudication","display_name":"Adjudication","score":0.41788288950920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm","display_name":"Harm","score":0.41193562746047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3985680639743805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.3977597653865814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.30871063470840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15562370419502258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.12778997421264648}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.7378578782081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.6028769612312317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.46367594599723816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204434341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357789","display_name":"Adjudication","level":2,"score":0.41788288950920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.41193562746047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3985680639743805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3977597653865814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.30871063470840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15562370419502258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.12778997421264648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01258-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01258-7","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01258-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39333376","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39333376","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11437138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11437138","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11437138/pdf/41746_2024_Article_1258.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu:uthshis_docs-1425","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/uthshis_docs/422","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196655","display_name":"Digital Commons-TMC (Texas Medical Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1337852284","host_organization_name":"Texas Medical Center","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1337852284"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty, Staff and Student Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:35d95c2463094fad97d777e1d8376e44","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/35d95c2463094fad97d777e1d8376e44","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 1-20 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01258-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01258-7","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01258-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G19212606","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1 TR001857","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2189905605","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24TR004111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2808180670","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1 TR0018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5387695708","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1 TR001857","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310174","funder_display_name":"University of Pittsburgh"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7515012519","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1TR001857","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8859862982","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01LM014306","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8981026844","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24 TR004111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310174","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402909345.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":103,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1567491469","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2101950949","https://openalex.org/W2111985824","https://openalex.org/W2123109647","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W3013294478","https://openalex.org/W3083804794","https://openalex.org/W3166396011","https://openalex.org/W3173393692","https://openalex.org/W4226096960","https://openalex.org/W4226278401","https://openalex.org/W4285242550","https://openalex.org/W4287508389","https://openalex.org/W4319023010","https://openalex.org/W4319460874","https://openalex.org/W4320003957","https://openalex.org/W4320893927","https://openalex.org/W4320920036","https://openalex.org/W4321459182","https://openalex.org/W4322499862","https://openalex.org/W4362510886","https://openalex.org/W4366603014","https://openalex.org/W4366769280","https://openalex.org/W4367310920","https://openalex.org/W4378470708","https://openalex.org/W4378783467","https://openalex.org/W4379231355","https://openalex.org/W4380576377","https://openalex.org/W4383749364","https://openalex.org/W4383817745","https://openalex.org/W4384071683","https://openalex.org/W4384918448","https://openalex.org/W4385080756","https://openalex.org/W4385264386","https://openalex.org/W4385295268","https://openalex.org/W4385299173","https://openalex.org/W4385459604","https://openalex.org/W4385571232","https://openalex.org/W4385972264","https://openalex.org/W4386019728","https://openalex.org/W4386046428","https://openalex.org/W4386053290","https://openalex.org/W4386120650","https://openalex.org/W4386396324","https://openalex.org/W4386576859","https://openalex.org/W4386692525","https://openalex.org/W4386730959","https://openalex.org/W4386735567","https://openalex.org/W4386898509","https://openalex.org/W4387028645","https://openalex.org/W4387108520","https://openalex.org/W4387164817","https://openalex.org/W4387221241","https://openalex.org/W4387249771","https://openalex.org/W4387451644","https://openalex.org/W4387564414","https://openalex.org/W4387747149","https://openalex.org/W4387823013","https://openalex.org/W4387893299","https://openalex.org/W4388014051","https://openalex.org/W4388072269","https://openalex.org/W4388220857","https://openalex.org/W4388343109","https://openalex.org/W4388485443","https://openalex.org/W4388500499","https://openalex.org/W4388594599","https://openalex.org/W4388624829","https://openalex.org/W4388775426","https://openalex.org/W4388823522","https://openalex.org/W4388930160","https://openalex.org/W4388975763","https://openalex.org/W4389002232","https://openalex.org/W4389148698","https://openalex.org/W4389232726","https://openalex.org/W4389274313","https://openalex.org/W4389451727","https://openalex.org/W4389559003","https://openalex.org/W4389674519","https://openalex.org/W4389683892","https://openalex.org/W4389685420","https://openalex.org/W4389831714","https://openalex.org/W4390070272","https://openalex.org/W4390146677","https://openalex.org/W4390266803","https://openalex.org/W4390617696","https://openalex.org/W4390663110","https://openalex.org/W4390823043","https://openalex.org/W4390862251","https://openalex.org/W4390862268","https://openalex.org/W4390910080","https://openalex.org/W4390935802","https://openalex.org/W4391018948","https://openalex.org/W4391254266","https://openalex.org/W4391362451","https://openalex.org/W4391487347","https://openalex.org/W4391514773","https://openalex.org/W4391554501","https://openalex.org/W4392058364","https://openalex.org/W4392602768","https://openalex.org/W4392691776","https://openalex.org/W4394579747","https://openalex.org/W4396999789"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2884884929","https://openalex.org/W2118717649","https://openalex.org/W2413243053","https://openalex.org/W410723623","https://openalex.org/W2015341305","https://openalex.org/W2035068594","https://openalex.org/W4225593417","https://openalex.org/W2360072188","https://openalex.org/W2573498121","https://openalex.org/W3022298670"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"generative":[1],"artificial":[2],"intelligence":[3],"(GenAI),":[4],"particularly":[5],"large":[6],"language":[7],"models":[8],"(LLMs),":[9],"continuing":[10],"to":[11,23,93],"make":[12],"inroads":[13],"in":[14,39,78],"healthcare,":[15],"assessing":[16],"LLMs":[17,38,111],"with":[18,128],"human":[19,34,85,108],"evaluations":[20],"is":[21,126],"essential":[22],"assuring":[24],"safety":[25],"and":[26,45,54,57,62,66,81,97,104,119,121,123,137,141,144,146,148],"effectiveness.":[27],"This":[28],"study":[29],"reviews":[30],"existing":[31],"literature":[32,71],"on":[33],"evaluation":[35,50,64,86,109,131],"methodologies":[36],"for":[37,107],"healthcare":[40,94],"across":[41],"various":[42],"medical":[43],"specialties":[44],"addresses":[46],"factors":[47],"such":[48,90],"as":[49],"dimensions,":[51],"sample":[52],"types":[53],"sizes,":[55],"selection,":[56],"recruitment":[58],"of":[59,73,83,110,115,134],"evaluators,":[60],"frameworks":[61],"metrics,":[63],"process,":[65],"statistical":[67],"analysis":[68],"type.":[69],"Our":[70],"review":[72],"142":[74],"studies":[75],"shows":[76],"gaps":[77],"reliability,":[79],"generalizability,":[80],"applicability":[82],"current":[84],"practices.":[87],"To":[88],"overcome":[89],"significant":[91],"obstacles":[92],"LLM":[95],"developments":[96],"deployments,":[98],"we":[99],"propose":[100],"QUEST,":[101],"a":[102],"comprehensive":[103],"practical":[105],"framework":[106],"covering":[112],"three":[113],"phases":[114],"workflow:":[116],"Planning,":[117],"Implementation":[118],"Adjudication,":[120],"Scoring":[122],"Review.":[124],"QUEST":[125],"designed":[127],"five":[129],"proposed":[130],"principles:":[132],"Quality":[133],"Information,":[135],"Understanding":[136],"Reasoning,":[138],"Expression":[139],"Style":[140],"Persona,":[142],"Safety":[143],"Harm,":[145],"Trust":[147],"Confidence.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":160},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
