{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402713323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01233-2","title":"Privacy-preserving large language models for structured medical information retrieval","display_name":"Privacy-preserving large language models for structured medical information retrieval","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402713323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01233-2","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39304709"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01233-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01233-2","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01233-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01233-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020954920","display_name":"Isabella C. Wiest","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4848-614X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802164966","display_name":"University Hospital Heidelberg","ror":"https://ror.org/013czdx64","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802164966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156450","display_name":"University Medical Centre Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/05sxbyd35","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156450"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162051","display_name":"University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus","ror":"https://ror.org/04za5zm41","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Isabella Catharina Wiest","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany","Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156450","https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I2802164966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048917650","display_name":"Dyke Ferber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6195-9276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802164966","display_name":"University Hospital Heidelberg","ror":"https://ror.org/013czdx64","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802164966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111460","display_name":"National Center for Tumor Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/01txwsw02","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162051","display_name":"University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus","ror":"https://ror.org/04za5zm41","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dyke Ferber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany","Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111460","https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I2802164966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028935347","display_name":"Jiefu Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5765-5750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162051","display_name":"University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus","ror":"https://ror.org/04za5zm41","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiefu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034336361","display_name":"Marko van Treeck","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162051","display_name":"University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus","ror":"https://ror.org/04za5zm41","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marko van Treeck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113394754","display_name":"Sonja K. Meyer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126310","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum W\u00fcrzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03pvr2g57","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126310"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonja K. Meyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery I, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery I, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093450093","display_name":"Radhika Juglan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162051","display_name":"University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus","ror":"https://ror.org/04za5zm41","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radhika Juglan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072074738","display_name":"Zunamys I. Carrero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8501-1566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162051","display_name":"University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus","ror":"https://ror.org/04za5zm41","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zunamys I. Carrero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8501-1566","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084936317","display_name":"Daniel Paech","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5755-6833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17937529","display_name":"German Cancer Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04cdgtt98","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I17937529"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799391451","display_name":"University Hospital Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/01xnwqx93","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799391451"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Paech","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Cancer Research Center, Division of Radiology, Heidelberg, Germany","University Hospital Bonn, Clinic for Neuroradiology, Bonn, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Cancer Research Center, Division of Radiology, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17937529","https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospital Bonn, Clinic for Neuroradiology, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799391451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017161970","display_name":"Jens Kleesiek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8686-0682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200332995","display_name":"TU Dortmund University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k97gp34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200332995"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086407","display_name":"Institut f\u00fcr Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie","ror":"https://ror.org/00wqjrk21","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086407"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161917","display_name":"West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/05aw6p704","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759","https://openalex.org/I4210161917"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens Kleesiek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Research Center Cologne Essen (CCCE), West German Cancer Center Essen (WTZ), 45122, Essen, Germany","Institut f\u00fcr KI in der Medizin (IKIM), Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Essen, Girardetstr. 2, 45131, Essen, Germany","TU Dortmund University, Department of Physics, Otto-Hahn-Stra\u00dfe 4, 44227, Dortmund, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8686-0682","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Research Center Cologne Essen (CCCE), West German Cancer Center Essen (WTZ), 45122, Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161917"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr KI in der Medizin (IKIM), Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Essen, Girardetstr. 2, 45131, Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086407"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Dortmund University, Department of Physics, Otto-Hahn-Stra\u00dfe 4, 44227, Dortmund, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200332995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101550090","display_name":"Matthias Ebert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5713-5465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1303691731","display_name":"European Molecular Biology Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/04wfr2810","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303691731"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802164966","display_name":"University Hospital Heidelberg","ror":"https://ror.org/013czdx64","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802164966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156450","display_name":"University Medical Centre Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/05sxbyd35","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156450"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias P. Ebert","raw_affiliation_strings":["DKFZ Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center, Mannheim, Germany","Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany","Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DKFZ Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center, Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156450","https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I2802164966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156450","https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I2802164966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1303691731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016512818","display_name":"Daniel Truhn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-0728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120689","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Aachen","ror":"https://ror.org/02gm5zw39","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120689"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Truhn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-0728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120689"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073483894","display_name":"Jakob Nikolas Kather","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3730-5348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802164966","display_name":"University Hospital Heidelberg","ror":"https://ror.org/013czdx64","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802164966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111460","display_name":"National Center for Tumor Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/01txwsw02","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162051","display_name":"University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus","ror":"https://ror.org/04za5zm41","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakob Nikolas Kather","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany. jakob_nikolas.kather@tu-dresden.de","Department of Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01307, Dresden, Germany. jakob_nikolas.kather@tu-dresden.de","Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany. jakob_nikolas.kather@tu-dresden.de"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3730-5348","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany. jakob_nikolas.kather@tu-dresden.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111460","https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I2802164966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01307, Dresden, Germany. jakob_nikolas.kather@tu-dresden.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany. jakob_nikolas.kather@tu-dresden.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020954920"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I2802164966","https://openalex.org/I4210156450","https://openalex.org/I4210162051"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":28.0935,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":87,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99755226,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"257","last_page":"257"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6217465996742249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ascites","display_name":"Ascites","score":0.5909938216209412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion","display_name":"Confusion","score":0.5601767301559448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-messaging","display_name":"Text messaging","score":0.51402747631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.5033618807792664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5025064945220947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4956411123275757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cirrhosis","display_name":"Cirrhosis","score":0.492395281791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4354557991027832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.4321839213371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.409808874130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.338255375623703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.33822718262672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.21876260638237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1785968840122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.14588141441345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.111225426197052}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6217465996742249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780496750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193889","display_name":"Ascites","level":2,"score":0.5909938216209412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.5601767301559448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018949938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17166101","display_name":"Text messaging","level":2,"score":0.51402747631073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.5033618807792664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5025064945220947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4956411123275757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777214474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147778","display_name":"Cirrhosis","level":2,"score":0.492395281791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4354557991027832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.4321839213371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.409808874130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.338255375623703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.33822718262672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.21876260638237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1785968840122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14588141441345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.111225426197052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01233-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01233-2","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01233-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39304709","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39304709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:frl.publisso.de:frl:6504883","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11415382","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11415382/pdf/41746_2024_Article_1233.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196269","display_name":"PUBLISSO (German National Library of Medicine)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210112663","host_organization_name":"ZB MED - Information Centre for Life Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112663"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://lobid.org/resources/99370683021406441#!, 7(1):257","raw_type":"Zeitschriftenartikel"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:068167ddc4594bca801ff425467312af","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/068167ddc4594bca801ff425467312af","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:1008130","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/1008130","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401033","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj digital medicine 7(1), (2024). doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01233-2","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01233-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01233-2","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01233-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1949475607","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NIHR203331","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336708","funder_display_name":"Leeds Biomedical Research Centre"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1966681460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01KD2215A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2341156914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01EO2101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2654538971","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101057091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2669879858","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01VSF21048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2820917408","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01VSF21048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328691","funder_display_name":"Gemeinsame Bundesausschuss"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3333327469","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101057091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3512296018","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101096312","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3848825097","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"70115166","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323556","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Krebshilfe"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4243001891","display_name":"New directions for deep learning in cancer research through concept explainability and virtual experimentation.","funder_award_id":"101114631","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4281281669","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 CA263318","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G451588841","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101057091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4712284355","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"57616814","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","funder_display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6098565189","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"57616814","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6697820746","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NIHR203331","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","funder_display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G826797920","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01KD2104C","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8311021456","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"031L0312A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319994","display_name":"Department of Health and Social Care","ror":"https://ror.org/03sbpja79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","ror":"https://ror.org/039djdh30"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323556","display_name":"Deutsche Krebshilfe","ror":"https://ror.org/01wxdd722"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328691","display_name":"Gemeinsame Bundesausschuss","ror":"https://ror.org/008c2qm47"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336708","display_name":"Leeds Biomedical Research Centre","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402713323.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402713323.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028602948","https://openalex.org/W2096252540","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2370408513","https://openalex.org/W2508919546","https://openalex.org/W2620773303","https://openalex.org/W2768488789","https://openalex.org/W2903875997","https://openalex.org/W2915045810","https://openalex.org/W3095092693","https://openalex.org/W3141847762","https://openalex.org/W3159743235","https://openalex.org/W3195577433","https://openalex.org/W4281973786","https://openalex.org/W4293476620","https://openalex.org/W4296693015","https://openalex.org/W4308590518","https://openalex.org/W4313439128","https://openalex.org/W4321649710","https://openalex.org/W4322743452","https://openalex.org/W4327810158","https://openalex.org/W4361215440","https://openalex.org/W4361251463","https://openalex.org/W4362522726","https://openalex.org/W4365458667","https://openalex.org/W4378086268","https://openalex.org/W4383302171","https://openalex.org/W4383346782","https://openalex.org/W4384024395","https://openalex.org/W4384918448","https://openalex.org/W4385195544","https://openalex.org/W4387500346","https://openalex.org/W4387559698","https://openalex.org/W4387560284","https://openalex.org/W4387561190","https://openalex.org/W4387640749","https://openalex.org/W4387652542","https://openalex.org/W4387744047","https://openalex.org/W4391069573","https://openalex.org/W4391098193","https://openalex.org/W4391158659","https://openalex.org/W6739901393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2356068340","https://openalex.org/W2382239251","https://openalex.org/W3109529177","https://openalex.org/W2388001335","https://openalex.org/W2500243314","https://openalex.org/W2363621575","https://openalex.org/W2085380766","https://openalex.org/W2418856628","https://openalex.org/W2386065686","https://openalex.org/W2898286375"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"clinical":[1,33,51,152],"information":[2,31,153],"is":[3],"encoded":[4],"as":[5],"free":[6,155],"text,":[7],"not":[8],"accessible":[9],"for":[10,112],"quantitative":[11,30],"analysis.":[12],"This":[13],"study":[14,141],"presents":[15],"an":[16],"open-source":[17],"pipeline":[18,92],"using":[19,130],"the":[20,65,131,144],"local":[21],"large":[22],"language":[23],"model":[24],"(LLM)":[25],"\"Llama":[26],"2\"":[27],"to":[28,150],"extract":[29,151],"from":[32,59,86,154],"text":[34,156],"and":[35,56,75,102,107,124],"evaluates":[36],"its":[37],"performance":[38],"in":[39,53,64],"identifying":[40],"features":[41,52],"of":[42,72,126,146],"decompensated":[43],"liver":[44,97],"cirrhosis.":[45],"The":[46],"LLM":[47],"identified":[48],"five":[49],"key":[50],"a":[54],"zero-":[55],"one-shot":[57],"manner":[58],"500":[60],"patient":[61],"medical":[62,89],"histories":[63],"MIMIC":[66],"IV":[67],"dataset.":[68],"We":[69],"compared":[70,82],"LLMs":[71,149],"three":[73,87],"sizes":[74],"various":[76],"prompt":[77],"engineering":[78],"approaches,":[79],"with":[80,99,157],"predictions":[81],"against":[83],"ground":[84],"truth":[85],"blinded":[88],"experts.":[90],"Our":[91,140],"achieved":[93],"high":[94],"accuracy,":[95],"detecting":[96,113],"cirrhosis":[98],"100%":[100],"sensitivity":[101],"96%":[103],"specificity.":[104],"High":[105],"sensitivities":[106],"specificities":[108],"were":[109],"also":[110],"yielded":[111],"ascites":[114],"(95%,":[115],"95%),":[116],"confusion":[117],"(76%,":[118],"94%),":[119],"abdominal":[120],"pain":[121],"(84%,":[122],"97%),":[123],"shortness":[125],"breath":[127],"(87%,":[128],"97%)":[129],"70":[132],"billion":[133],"parameter":[134],"model,":[135],"which":[136],"outperformed":[137],"smaller":[138],"versions.":[139],"successfully":[142],"demonstrates":[143],"capability":[145],"locally":[147],"deployed":[148],"low":[158],"hardware":[159],"requirements.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
