{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401481258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01212-7","title":"Disparities in clinical studies of AI enabled applications from a global perspective","display_name":"Disparities in clinical studies of AI enabled applications from a global perspective","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401481258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01212-7","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39127820"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01212-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01212-7","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01212-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01212-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101731922","display_name":"Rui Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0597-7197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126319","display_name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/02j1m6098","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0597-7197","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009735691","display_name":"Sabarinath Vinod Nair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7546-2897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126319","display_name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/02j1m6098","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabarinath Vinod Nair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7546-2897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102019719","display_name":"Yuhe Ke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7193-4749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251586001","display_name":"Singapore General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/036j6sg82","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126319","display_name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/02j1m6098","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhe Ke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7193-4749","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251586001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052128240","display_name":"Danny D\u2019Agostino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0028-4720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126319","display_name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/02j1m6098","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danny D\u2019Agostino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030363957","display_name":"M. Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4274-9613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126319","display_name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/02j1m6098","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingxuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4274-9613","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040839683","display_name":"Yilin Ning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6758-4472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126319","display_name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/02j1m6098","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yilin Ning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6758-4472","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100367554","display_name":"Nan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3610-4883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126319","display_name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/02j1m6098","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg","NUS Artificial Intelligence Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg","Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg","Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3610-4883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUS Artificial Intelligence Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Programme in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126319"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100367554"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I4210126319"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":2.5433,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89938763,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"209","last_page":"209"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13280","display_name":"Biomedical and Engineering Education","score":0.9444000124931335,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9104999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.7214410901069641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.34870946407318115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.31824052333831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1964147686958313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.7214410901069641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.34870946407318115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31824052333831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1964147686958313}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01212-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01212-7","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01212-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39127820","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39127820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11316833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11316833","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11316833/pdf/41746_2024_Article_1212.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6ca1303b15b7433cb508b8def8bcbbae","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6ca1303b15b7433cb508b8def8bcbbae","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 1-3 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/351369","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/351369","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01212-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01212-7","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01212-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316262","display_name":"Duke-NUS Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/02j1m6098"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320697","display_name":"Ministry of Health -Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/00mrhvv69"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401481258.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2049165834","https://openalex.org/W2889242407","https://openalex.org/W2910258400","https://openalex.org/W2975956387","https://openalex.org/W2976876609","https://openalex.org/W3000127051","https://openalex.org/W3203640202","https://openalex.org/W4205164650","https://openalex.org/W4220839569","https://openalex.org/W4385227045","https://openalex.org/W4386735326","https://openalex.org/W4388525160","https://openalex.org/W4391022119","https://openalex.org/W4391335084","https://openalex.org/W4395067202"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2149537132","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2018871932","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W641279757"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"has":[3],"been":[4],"extensively":[5],"researched":[6],"in":[7,20],"medicine,":[8],"but":[9],"its":[10],"practical":[11],"application":[12],"remains":[13],"limited.":[14],"Meanwhile,":[15],"there":[16],"are":[17],"various":[18],"disparities":[19,55,64],"existing":[21],"AI-enabled":[22,47],"clinical":[23,48],"studies,":[24,49],"which":[25],"pose":[26],"a":[27,66],"challenge":[28],"to":[29,61,77],"global":[30,67],"health":[31],"equity.":[32],"In":[33],"this":[34],"study,":[35],"we":[36],"conducted":[37],"an":[38],"in-depth":[39],"analysis":[40],"of":[41,45],"the":[42,53,72],"geo-economic":[43],"distribution":[44],"159":[46],"as":[50,52],"well":[51],"gender":[54],"among":[56],"these":[57,63],"studies.":[58],"We":[59],"aim":[60],"reveal":[62],"from":[65],"literature":[68],"perspective,":[69],"thus":[70],"highlighting":[71],"need":[73],"for":[74],"equitable":[75],"access":[76],"medical":[78],"AI":[79],"technologies.":[80]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}