{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396636942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01106-8","title":"Artificial intelligence in digital pathology: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy","display_name":"Artificial intelligence in digital pathology: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396636942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01106-8","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38704465"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01106-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01106-8","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01106-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01106-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029472496","display_name":"Clare McGenity","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-2340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799390153","display_name":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4dac24","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799390153"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84027002","display_name":"Leeds Beckett University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xsh5r57","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84027002"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Clare McGenity","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK. c.m.mcgenity@leeds.ac.uk","University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. c.m.mcgenity@leeds.ac.uk","University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-2340","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK. c.m.mcgenity@leeds.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799390153"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. c.m.mcgenity@leeds.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816","https://openalex.org/I84027002"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013614012","display_name":"Emily L. Clarke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7106-9898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799390153","display_name":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4dac24","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799390153"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily L. Clarke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK","University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799390153"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013947969","display_name":"Charlotte Jennings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1584-4057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799390153","display_name":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4dac24","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799390153"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charlotte Jennings","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK","University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1584-4057","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799390153"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111915025","display_name":"Gillian A. Matthews","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799390153","display_name":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4dac24","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799390153"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gillian Matthews","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6754-0333","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799390153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049411840","display_name":"Caroline Cartlidge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8366-4528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Cartlidge","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8366-4528","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092188501","display_name":"Henschel Freduah-Agyemang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4910-5013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henschel Freduah-Agyemang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4910-5013","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023057149","display_name":"Deborah Stocken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8031-1738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deborah D. Stocken","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001235418","display_name":"Darren Treanor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-484X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799390153","display_name":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4dac24","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799390153"]}],"countries":["GB","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darren Treanor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","Department of Clinical Pathology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK","University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-484X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pathology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799390153"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029472496"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816","https://openalex.org/I2799390153","https://openalex.org/I84027002"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":63.0206,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":224,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99939687,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"114","last_page":"114"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11287","display_name":"Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-analysis","score":0.7841602563858032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-extraction","display_name":"Data extraction","score":0.6753958463668823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-accuracy","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","score":0.6056461930274963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-pathology","display_name":"Digital pathology","score":0.6022080183029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bivariate-analysis","display_name":"Bivariate analysis","score":0.5608103275299072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raw-data","display_name":"Raw data","score":0.4705165922641754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.4607781767845154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4476699233055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.4457710385322571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.43744680285453796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subgroup-analysis","display_name":"Subgroup analysis","score":0.43216896057128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missing-data","display_name":"Missing data","score":0.4260076880455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4003980755805969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.38454484939575195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.36403101682662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.26419129967689514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.18167898058891296}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.7841602563858032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227287","display_name":"Data extraction","level":3,"score":0.6753958463668823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020132585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","level":2,"score":0.6056461930274963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777522853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276128","display_name":"Digital pathology","level":2,"score":0.6022080183029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64341305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4919225","display_name":"Bivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.5608103275299072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.4705165922641754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4607781767845154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4476699233055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.4457710385322571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.43744680285453796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187960798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7631152","display_name":"Subgroup analysis","level":3,"score":0.43216896057128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.4260076880455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4003980755805969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.38454484939575195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.36403101682662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.26419129967689514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.18167898058891296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01106-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01106-8","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01106-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38704465","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38704465","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:213822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/213822/1/Artificial%20intelligence%20in%20digital%20pathology%20a%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis%20of%20diagnostic%20test%20accuracy.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11069583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11069583","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11069583/pdf/41746_2024_Article_1106.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:liu-203575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-203575","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4697fdb940de4dba9599ad7dcbc869bb","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4697fdb940de4dba9599ad7dcbc869bb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 1-19 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01106-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01106-8","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01106-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2744933081","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MR/S001530/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6340258714","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"104687","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","funder_display_name":"UK Research and Innovation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7402881292","display_name":"Enhanced phenotyping of melanoma whole slide images with artificial intelligence","funder_award_id":"MR/S001530/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7514591719","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"104687","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313853","funder_display_name":"Nuclear Power Institute of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313853","display_name":"Nuclear Power Institute of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","display_name":"UK Research and Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/001aqnf71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319994","display_name":"Department of Health and Social Care","ror":"https://ror.org/03sbpja79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320298","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336708","display_name":"Leeds Biomedical Research Centre","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396636942.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":151,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2044919339","https://openalex.org/W2107638293","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2401520370","https://openalex.org/W2606095531","https://openalex.org/W2607075141","https://openalex.org/W2612377680","https://openalex.org/W2618999197","https://openalex.org/W2756270667","https://openalex.org/W2760946358","https://openalex.org/W2766753387","https://openalex.org/W2772723798","https://openalex.org/W2790808809","https://openalex.org/W2803416021","https://openalex.org/W2805089815","https://openalex.org/W2888352975","https://openalex.org/W2891809705","https://openalex.org/W2897434820","https://openalex.org/W2899580328","https://openalex.org/W2900654702","https://openalex.org/W2901218091","https://openalex.org/W2901946084","https://openalex.org/W2909778238","https://openalex.org/W2943370629","https://openalex.org/W2945500496","https://openalex.org/W2954064535","https://openalex.org/W2957792382","https://openalex.org/W2963258365","https://openalex.org/W2964046761","https://openalex.org/W2964324957","https://openalex.org/W2964345665","https://openalex.org/W2967444033","https://openalex.org/W2971045153","https://openalex.org/W2971376088","https://openalex.org/W2972354804","https://openalex.org/W2976398475","https://openalex.org/W2978144782","https://openalex.org/W2979885419","https://openalex.org/W2990768863","https://openalex.org/W2995887567","https://openalex.org/W2998394307","https://openalex.org/W2998472909","https://openalex.org/W3004016611","https://openalex.org/W3007464329","https://openalex.org/W3008078553","https://openalex.org/W3009926465","https://openalex.org/W3013681994","https://openalex.org/W3013753460","https://openalex.org/W3019350884","https://openalex.org/W3019938913","https://openalex.org/W3021413349","https://openalex.org/W3023087441","https://openalex.org/W3032044812","https://openalex.org/W3033382446","https://openalex.org/W3033721673","https://openalex.org/W3036832166","https://openalex.org/W3037083567","https://openalex.org/W3040848982","https://openalex.org/W3042448133","https://openalex.org/W3043835773","https://openalex.org/W3044155519","https://openalex.org/W3044451687","https://openalex.org/W3045168954","https://openalex.org/W3047083963","https://openalex.org/W3047211229","https://openalex.org/W3047859491","https://openalex.org/W3048101421","https://openalex.org/W3049190448","https://openalex.org/W3049565965","https://openalex.org/W3081006013","https://openalex.org/W3081386409","https://openalex.org/W3082933974","https://openalex.org/W3084802235","https://openalex.org/W3084873959","https://openalex.org/W3088283772","https://openalex.org/W3089090082","https://openalex.org/W3090504894","https://openalex.org/W3092560349","https://openalex.org/W3093943940","https://openalex.org/W3098789188","https://openalex.org/W3100398151","https://openalex.org/W3104476988","https://openalex.org/W3107410755","https://openalex.org/W3113328935","https://openalex.org/W3119527628","https://openalex.org/W3119690984","https://openalex.org/W3123409890","https://openalex.org/W3127450362","https://openalex.org/W3132591370","https://openalex.org/W3136933888","https://openalex.org/W3138501564","https://openalex.org/W3141984075","https://openalex.org/W3142933006","https://openalex.org/W3143802587","https://openalex.org/W3148150040","https://openalex.org/W3150212014","https://openalex.org/W3153942604","https://openalex.org/W3156579229","https://openalex.org/W3157209223","https://openalex.org/W3158053885","https://openalex.org/W3159302505","https://openalex.org/W3164525109","https://openalex.org/W3165254083","https://openalex.org/W3165873764","https://openalex.org/W3173393692","https://openalex.org/W3175971657","https://openalex.org/W3186721627","https://openalex.org/W3187844553","https://openalex.org/W3197765800","https://openalex.org/W3201366746","https://openalex.org/W3204013916","https://openalex.org/W3204961702","https://openalex.org/W3205551384","https://openalex.org/W3206849869","https://openalex.org/W3206933980","https://openalex.org/W3207351222","https://openalex.org/W3208373474","https://openalex.org/W3208980240","https://openalex.org/W3209751448","https://openalex.org/W3210004797","https://openalex.org/W3210766530","https://openalex.org/W3211674809","https://openalex.org/W3211756810","https://openalex.org/W3213407064","https://openalex.org/W4205164650","https://openalex.org/W4205421084","https://openalex.org/W4205876996","https://openalex.org/W4206567600","https://openalex.org/W4207040952","https://openalex.org/W4207043484","https://openalex.org/W4210314683","https://openalex.org/W4214670085","https://openalex.org/W4220666489","https://openalex.org/W4220726066","https://openalex.org/W4220882811","https://openalex.org/W4220959955","https://openalex.org/W4221008486","https://openalex.org/W4221123835","https://openalex.org/W4223430324","https://openalex.org/W4223897066","https://openalex.org/W4224119742","https://openalex.org/W4224217689","https://openalex.org/W4229964303","https://openalex.org/W4230162552","https://openalex.org/W4280498437","https://openalex.org/W4281257868","https://openalex.org/W4281634899","https://openalex.org/W4294926720","https://openalex.org/W4360612656","https://openalex.org/W4377137789","https://openalex.org/W6739901393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975767702","https://openalex.org/W3128797991","https://openalex.org/W4212803330","https://openalex.org/W4390879800","https://openalex.org/W2469201213","https://openalex.org/W2469790058","https://openalex.org/W2390579056","https://openalex.org/W2329521575","https://openalex.org/W4200537712","https://openalex.org/W4387618892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ensuring":[0],"diagnostic":[1,38,55,233],"performance":[2,220],"of":[3,16,31,40,61,94,98,149,167,174,186,201,209,212,244],"artificial":[4],"intelligence":[5],"(AI)":[6],"before":[7],"introduction":[8],"into":[9],"clinical":[10],"practice":[11],"is":[12,34,228],"essential.":[13],"Growing":[14],"numbers":[15],"studies":[17,57,162,187],"using":[18,58,102,117],"AI":[19,41,62,227],"for":[20,46,69,189],"digital":[21,43],"pathology":[22,44],"have":[23],"been":[24],"reported":[25,163,229,237],"over":[26,152],"recent":[27],"years.":[28],"The":[29,72],"aim":[30],"this":[32],"work":[33],"to":[35,64],"examine":[36],"the":[37,103,137,142,236],"accuracy":[39,56,234],"in":[42,85,90,136,141,181,235],"images":[45,67,156],"any":[47,59,70],"disease.":[48,71],"This":[49],"systematic":[50],"review":[51,138],"and":[52,88,96,113,139,171,184,215,218],"meta-analysis":[53,114],"included":[54,135],"type":[60],"applied":[63],"whole":[65,154],"slide":[66,155],"(WSIs)":[68],"reference":[73],"standard":[74],"was":[75,108,115,179],"diagnosis":[76],"by":[77,110],"histopathological":[78],"assessment":[79],"and/or":[80],"immunohistochemistry.":[81],"Searches":[82],"were":[83,100,134,145,222],"conducted":[84,109],"PubMed,":[86],"EMBASE":[87],"CENTRAL":[89],"June":[91],"2022.":[92],"Risk":[93],"bias":[95,202],"concerns":[97],"applicability":[99,204],"assessed":[101],"QUADAS-2":[104],"tool.":[105],"Data":[106],"extraction":[107],"two":[111],"investigators":[112],"performed":[116],"a":[118,147,164],"bivariate":[119],"random":[120],"effects":[121],"model,":[122],"with":[123],"additional":[124],"subgroup":[125],"analyses":[126],"also":[127],"performed.":[128],"Of":[129],"2976":[130],"identified":[131,188],"studies,":[132],"100":[133],"48":[140],"meta-analysis.":[143],"Studies":[144],"from":[146],"range":[148],"countries,":[150],"including":[151],"152,000":[153],"(WSIs),":[157],"representing":[158],"many":[159],"diseases.":[160],"These":[161],"mean":[165,172],"sensitivity":[166],"96.3%":[168],"(CI":[169,176],"94.1-97.7)":[170],"specificity":[173],"93.3%":[175],"90.5-95.4).":[177],"There":[178],"heterogeneity":[180],"study":[182],"design":[183],"99%":[185],"inclusion":[190],"had":[191],"at":[192,196],"least":[193],"one":[194],"area":[195],"high":[197,232],"or":[198,203,225],"unclear":[199],"risk":[200],"concerns.":[205],"Details":[206],"on":[207],"selection":[208],"cases,":[210],"division":[211],"model":[213],"development":[214],"validation":[216],"data":[217,221],"raw":[219],"frequently":[223],"ambiguous":[224],"missing.":[226],"as":[230],"having":[231],"areas":[238],"but":[239],"requires":[240],"more":[241],"rigorous":[242],"evaluation":[243],"its":[245],"performance.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":95},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":120},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-07-05T07:55:05.734416","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
