{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393183052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01080-1","title":"The clinician-AI interface: intended use and explainability in FDA-cleared AI devices for medical image interpretation","display_name":"The clinician-AI interface: intended use and explainability in FDA-cleared AI devices for medical image interpretation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393183052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01080-1","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38531952"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01080-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01080-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01080-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01080-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033561591","display_name":"Stephanie L. McNamara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5940-2560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie L. McNamara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015923200","display_name":"Paul H. Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9433-8093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul H. Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland Medical Intelligent Imaging (UM2ii) Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039371342","display_name":"William Lotter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117453","display_name":"Dana-Farber Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02jzgtq86","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117453"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134579","display_name":"Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03pvyf116","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210117453","https://openalex.org/I4210134579"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William Lotter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. lotterb@ds.dfci.harvard.edu","Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. lotterb@ds.dfci.harvard.edu","Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. lotterb@ds.dfci.harvard.edu","Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. lotterb@ds.dfci.harvard.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134579","https://openalex.org/I4210117453"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. lotterb@ds.dfci.harvard.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. lotterb@ds.dfci.harvard.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117453"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039371342"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210117453","https://openalex.org/I4210134579"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":4.6945,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95181328,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"80","last_page":"80"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.7744086384773254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clearance","display_name":"Clearance","score":0.7295843362808228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.6737616658210754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.5631071925163269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.5619210600852966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5548433661460876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5066074132919312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.4790564775466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triage","display_name":"Triage","score":0.44436579942703247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-practice","display_name":"Clinical Practice","score":0.4211491048336029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.34386593103408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.33210116624832153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-emergency","display_name":"Medical emergency","score":0.08793365955352783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.08244067430496216}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.7744086384773254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138944611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163287","display_name":"Clearance","level":2,"score":0.7295843362808228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.6737616658210754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5631071925163269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.5619210600852966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5548433661460876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5066074132919312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4790564775466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777120189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780067","display_name":"Triage","level":2,"score":0.44436579942703247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.4211491048336029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.34386593103408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.33210116624832153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.08793365955352783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.08244067430496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126894567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105650","display_name":"Urology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01080-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01080-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01080-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38531952","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38531952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10966080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10966080","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10966080/pdf/41746_2024_Article_1080.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:468f4c1fb13245aead6046e5e31e8805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/468f4c1fb13245aead6046e5e31e8805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 1-5 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01080-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01080-1","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01080-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1330203626","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T32GM144273","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6321917404","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GM007753","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G707340384","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T32GM007753","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8322389975","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"32GM007753","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306135","display_name":"Ellison Medical Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01pqy3846"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393183052.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2024569129","https://openalex.org/W2803760365","https://openalex.org/W2888424632","https://openalex.org/W3143784018","https://openalex.org/W3183015861","https://openalex.org/W3183198896","https://openalex.org/W3209901185","https://openalex.org/W4306790271","https://openalex.org/W4309289152","https://openalex.org/W4376649363","https://openalex.org/W4377289493","https://openalex.org/W4383186800","https://openalex.org/W4386110494","https://openalex.org/W4386818252","https://openalex.org/W4387296834"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W94007947","https://openalex.org/W4394761728","https://openalex.org/W1975091423","https://openalex.org/W2144451503","https://openalex.org/W2033023095","https://openalex.org/W125325933","https://openalex.org/W2941176721","https://openalex.org/W2051773733","https://openalex.org/W3015660457","https://openalex.org/W4386603341"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"applications":[1],"of":[2,22,58,113,128,139,147,159,169,183,192,196],"AI":[3,29,43,59,65,89,102,130,184],"in":[4,36,48,53,117,137,174],"medicine":[5],"continue":[6],"to":[7,44,92,97,189,204,211],"expand,":[8],"there":[9],"is":[10,26,84,120],"an":[11],"increasing":[12],"focus":[13],"on":[14,156],"integration":[15],"into":[16,31],"clinical":[17,24,33,101,118,141,214],"practice.":[18],"An":[19],"underappreciated":[20],"aspect":[21,83],"this":[23,49],"translation":[25],"where":[27,163],"the":[28,32,38,42,54,64,76,88,114,125,160,193,197,202,212],"fits":[30],"workflow,":[34],"and":[35,104,145,179,200],"turn,":[37],"outputs":[39,91,143],"generated":[40],"by":[41],"facilitate":[45],"clinician":[46,70,79],"interaction":[47],"workflow.":[50],"For":[51],"instance,":[52],"canonical":[55],"use":[56],"case":[57],"for":[60,132],"medical":[61,133],"image":[62,134],"interpretation,":[63],"could":[66],"prioritize":[67],"cases":[68],"before":[69],"review":[71],"or":[72],"even":[73],"autonomously":[74],"interpret":[75],"images":[77],"without":[78],"review.":[80],"A":[81],"related":[82],"explainability":[85,105,148,182],"-":[86],"does":[87],"generate":[90],"help":[93],"explain":[94],"its":[95],"predictions":[96],"clinicians?":[98],"While":[99],"many":[100],"workflows":[103],"techniques":[106],"have":[107],"been":[108],"proposed,":[109],"a":[110,152,166],"summative":[111],"assessment":[112],"current":[115,126,194],"scope":[116],"practice":[119],"lacking.":[121],"Here,":[122],"we":[123,164,187],"evaluate":[124],"state":[127],"FDA-cleared":[129],"devices":[131],"interpretation":[135],"assistance":[136],"terms":[138],"intended":[140],"use,":[142],"generated,":[144],"types":[146],"offered.":[149],"We":[150],"create":[151],"curated":[153],"database":[154],"focused":[155],"these":[157],"aspects":[158],"clinician-AI":[161,198],"interface,":[162],"find":[165],"high":[167],"frequency":[168],"\"triage\"":[170],"devices,":[171],"notable":[172],"variability":[173],"output":[175],"characteristics":[176],"across":[177],"products,":[178],"often":[180],"limited":[181],"predictions.":[185],"Altogether,":[186],"aim":[188],"increase":[190],"transparency":[191],"landscape":[195],"interface":[199],"highlight":[201],"need":[203],"rigorously":[205],"assess":[206],"which":[207],"strategies":[208],"ultimately":[209],"lead":[210],"best":[213],"outcomes.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-29T08:15:47.926485","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
