{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388725043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00958-w","title":"A study of generative large language model for medical research and healthcare","display_name":"A study of generative large language model for medical research and healthcare","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388725043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00958-w","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37973919"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00958-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00958-w","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-023-00958-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-023-00958-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011847644","display_name":"Peng Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1994-893X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103133745","display_name":"Xi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2981-3972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800717037","display_name":"University of Florida Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04tk2gy88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039331","display_name":"UF Health Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/044vhe029","country_code":null,"type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA","Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004483523","display_name":"Aokun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5100-3821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800717037","display_name":"University of Florida Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04tk2gy88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039331","display_name":"UF Health Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/044vhe029","country_code":null,"type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aokun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA","Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035188223","display_name":"Kaleb Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1532-5919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaleb E. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009065821","display_name":"Nima PourNejatian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nima PourNejatian","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068151024","display_name":"Anthony Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2202-6450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony B. Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104053092","display_name":"Cheryl Martin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheryl Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031887767","display_name":"Mona G. Flores","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7362-3044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mona G. Flores","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100643464","display_name":"Ying Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4210-2104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Computing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Computing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045150730","display_name":"Tanja Mago\u010d","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8213-2266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanja Magoc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Data Repository Research Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Data Repository Research Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039309602","display_name":"Gloria Lipori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5616-2701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gloria Lipori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Data Repository Research Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Data Repository Research Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087959258","display_name":"Duane A. Mitchell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6049-213X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duane A. Mitchell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069698854","display_name":"Naykky Singh Ospina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4240-6239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naykky S. Ospina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032003482","display_name":"Mustafa M. Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2781-7873"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa M. Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076610873","display_name":"William R. Hogan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9881-1017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William R. Hogan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026803588","display_name":"Elizabeth Shenkman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4903-1804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth A. Shenkman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052505769","display_name":"Yi Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0587-4105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800717037","display_name":"University of Florida Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04tk2gy88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039331","display_name":"UF Health Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/044vhe029","country_code":null,"type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA","Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030951014","display_name":"Jiang Bian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2238-5429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800717037","display_name":"University of Florida Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04tk2gy88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039331","display_name":"UF Health Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/044vhe029","country_code":null,"type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Bian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA","Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010253402","display_name":"Yonghui Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6780-6135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800717037","display_name":"University of Florida Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04tk2gy88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039331","display_name":"UF Health Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/044vhe029","country_code":null,"type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94062374","display_name":"Florida College","ror":"https://ror.org/010bgev76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94062374"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghui Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA. yonghui.wu@ufl.edu","Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. yonghui.wu@ufl.edu","Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA. yonghui.wu@ufl.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. yonghui.wu@ufl.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94062374"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":19,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011847644"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"],"apc_list":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"apc_paid":{"value":3060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3060},"fwci":13.3414,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":352,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98877464,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"210","last_page":"210"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability","display_name":"Readability","score":0.7475369572639465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enthusiasm","display_name":"Enthusiasm","score":0.7134647369384766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.5721784234046936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5159240961074829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.5158711671829224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.502286434173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.42564627528190613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.42298266291618347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.416521281003952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.32250702381134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.14843550324440002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1388990879058838}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.7475369572639465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781354396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840407","display_name":"Enthusiasm","level":2,"score":0.7134647369384766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5721784234046936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5159240961074829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5158711671829224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.502286434173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42564627528190613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.42298266291618347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.416521281003952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32250702381134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.14843550324440002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1388990879058838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00958-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00958-w","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-023-00958-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37973919","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37973919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NPJ digital medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10654385","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10654385","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10654385/pdf/41746_2023_Article_958.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"NPJ Digit Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ef2ddec4ebcf44af961dc0a1bd072263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ef2ddec4ebcf44af961dc0a1bd072263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00958-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00958-w","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-023-00958-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195431","display_name":"npj Digital Medicine","issn_l":"2398-6352","issn":["2398-6352"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Digital Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1244765908","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R56AG069880","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1419835852","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R56AG069880","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2213090008","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1R01CA246418","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4156463097","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NIA R56AG069880","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4239160888","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01CA246418","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4691473461","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ME-2018C3-14754","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308927","funder_display_name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4696575845","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01AG080624","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6623857781","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01CA246418","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308927","display_name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/014q65q44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332659","display_name":"University of Florida Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04tk2gy88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334287","display_name":"Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388725043.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996445490","https://openalex.org/W2170189740","https://openalex.org/W2346452181","https://openalex.org/W2396881363","https://openalex.org/W2802884616","https://openalex.org/W2803267010","https://openalex.org/W2893425640","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2968956882","https://openalex.org/W2970482702","https://openalex.org/W2993961432","https://openalex.org/W3088056511","https://openalex.org/W3095319910","https://openalex.org/W3112631310","https://openalex.org/W3174770825","https://openalex.org/W3178751578","https://openalex.org/W3185341429","https://openalex.org/W3202242582","https://openalex.org/W3209293071","https://openalex.org/W3214342214","https://openalex.org/W4220962859","https://openalex.org/W4245160364","https://openalex.org/W4297253404","https://openalex.org/W4312220150","https://openalex.org/W4319301505","https://openalex.org/W4320920036","https://openalex.org/W4323050332","https://openalex.org/W4323350039","https://openalex.org/W4324370593","https://openalex.org/W4353015365","https://openalex.org/W4361289889","https://openalex.org/W4365458667","https://openalex.org/W4367186868","https://openalex.org/W4379769651","https://openalex.org/W4380591192","https://openalex.org/W4385381606","https://openalex.org/W6636364444"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964661231","https://openalex.org/W2151328441","https://openalex.org/W4254960163","https://openalex.org/W3110264473","https://openalex.org/W2999103397","https://openalex.org/W2370831213","https://openalex.org/W4315704968","https://openalex.org/W4285478380","https://openalex.org/W2100255360","https://openalex.org/W2032810564"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"are":[1,17,26,153],"enormous":[2],"enthusiasm":[3],"and":[4,58,69,92,102,171,185,201,208],"concerns":[5],"in":[6,157],"applying":[7],"large":[8],"language":[9,99,110],"models":[10,125,134],"(LLMs)":[11],"to":[12,88,115,146],"healthcare.":[13,209],"Yet":[14],"current":[15],"assumptions":[16],"based":[18],"on":[19],"general-purpose":[20],"LLMs":[21,204],"such":[22],"as":[23],"ChatGPT,":[24],"which":[25],"not":[27],"developed":[28],"for":[29,96,205],"medical":[30,206],"use.":[31],"This":[32,194],"study":[33,195],"develops":[34],"a":[35,83],"generative":[36],"clinical":[37,52,56,138,172],"LLM,":[38],"GatorTronGPT,":[39],"using":[40,82,127,136,143],"277":[41],"billion":[42,49,72,90,118],"words":[43,50,73,119],"of":[44,51,66,74,120,164,169,178,183,203],"text":[45,53,104,129],"including":[46],"(1)":[47],"82":[48],"from":[54],"126":[55],"departments":[57],"approximately":[59],"2":[60],"million":[61],"patients":[62],"at":[63],"the":[64,199],"University":[65],"Florida":[67],"Health":[68],"(2)":[70],"195":[71],"diverse":[75],"general":[76],"English":[77],"text.":[78,122,139],"We":[79,112],"train":[80],"GatorTronGPT":[81,106,114,132,165,179],"GPT-3":[84],"architecture":[85],"with":[86,167,181],"up":[87],"20":[89,117],"parameters":[91],"evaluate":[93],"its":[94],"utility":[95],"biomedical":[97,108],"natural":[98,109],"processing":[100],"(NLP)":[101],"healthcare":[103],"generation.":[105],"improves":[107],"processing.":[111],"apply":[113],"generate":[116],"synthetic":[121,128],"Synthetic":[123],"NLP":[124],"trained":[126,135],"generated":[130],"by":[131],"outperform":[133],"real-world":[137],"Physicians'":[140],"Turing":[141],"test":[142],"1":[144],"(worst)":[145],"9":[147],"(best)":[148],"scale":[149],"shows":[150],"that":[151,186],"there":[152],"no":[154],"significant":[155],"differences":[156],"linguistic":[158],"readability":[159],"(p":[160,174,191],"=":[161,175],"0.22;":[162],"6.57":[163],"compared":[166,180],"6.93":[168],"human)":[170,184],"relevance":[173],"0.91;":[176],"7.0":[177],"6.97":[182],"physicians":[187],"cannot":[188],"differentiate":[189],"them":[190],"<":[192],"0.001).":[193],"provides":[196],"insights":[197],"into":[198],"opportunities":[200],"challenges":[202],"research":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":179},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":129},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
